Whose Land?
Complicating Settler Understandings of Land in Canada
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1760Mots-clés :
Food sovereignty, land, settler colonialism, Canada, Indigenous food systemsRésumé
Indigenous food activists and scholars have encouraged settler peoples to change relationships to land in settler colonial contexts such as Canada. In this paper I examine how settler food activists are responding to these calls by drawing from 25 interviews conducted with settler food activists working to change the dominant Canadian food system. Interviewees’ responses indicate a need for settler activists to center Indigenous land struggles, question settler farmer claims to land, challenge the Canadian state and private property regimes, and give land back to Indigenous nations. Based on interviewees’ responses, I argue that while some settlers may be beginning to respond to Indigenous calls to change relationships with land, that broader settler food sovereignty movements in Canada have yet to adequately engage with these calls.
Références
Alfred, Taiaiake. 2009. Restitution is the real pathway to justice for Indigenous peoples. In, Gregory Younging, Jonathan Dewar and Mike DeGagné (eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation. pp. 179-190.
Byrd, Jodi. 2011. The transit of empire: Indigenous critiques of colonialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Corntassel, Jeff. 2012. Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 86-101.
Corntassel, Jeff and Cheryl Bryce. 2012. Practicing sustainable self-determination: Indigenous approaches to cultural restoration and revitalization. Brown Journal of World Affairs, XVII(II), 151-162.
Coté, Charlotte. 2016. “Indigenizing” food sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous food practices and ecological knowledges in Canada and the United States. Humanities, 5(57), 1-14.
Coulthard, Glen Sean. 2014. Red skin white masks: Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Daigle, Michelle. 2017. Tracing the terrain of Indigenous food sovereignties. Journal of Peasant Studies. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2017.1324423
Daigle, Michelle. 2016. Awawanenitakik: The spatial politics of recognition and relational geographies of Indigenous self-determination. The Canadian Geographer, 60(2), 259-269.
Dennison, Jean. 2014. White Indigenous Oklahoma and Chicano Arizona: 21st-cenutry legal mechanisms of settlement. Polical and Legal Anthropology Review, 37(1), 162-180.
Desmarais, Annette Aurélie and Hannah Wittman. 2014. Farmers, foodies and First Nations: Getting to food sovereignty in Canada. Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 1153–1173.
Desmarais, Annette Aurélie. 2002. The Vía Campesina: Consolidating an international peasant and farm movements. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 29(2), 91-124.
Desmarais, Annette Aurélie. 2007. La Vía Campesina: Globalization and the power of peasants. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Grey, Sam and Raj Patel. 2014. Food sovereignty as decolonization: Some contributions from Indigenous movements to food system and development politics. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(3), 431-444. doi:10.1007/s10460-014-9548-9
Indigenous Circle, Food Secure Canada. 2011. Indigenous food sovereignty: Discussion paper 1, People’s Food Policy Project. Retrieved from https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/DP1_Indigenous_Food_Sovereignty.pdf
Indigenous Circle, Food Secure Canada. 2010. First principles protocol for building cross-cultural relationships. Retrieved from https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/First_Principles_July_2010.pdf
Kamal, Asfia Gulrukh, Rene Linklater, Shirley Thompson, Joseph Dipple and Ithinto Mechisowin Committee. 2015. A recipe for change: Reclamation of Indigenous food sovereignty in O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation for decolonization, resource sharing, and cultural restoration. Globalizations, 12(4), 559-575
King, Thomas. 2012. The inconvenient Indian: A curious account of Native people in North America. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
Lawrence, Bonita. 2002. Rewriting histories of the land: Colonization and Indigenous resistance in eastern Canada. In S. H. Razack (Ed.), Race, space, and the law: Unmapping a white settler society. Toronto: Between the Lines.
Lawrence, Bonita and Ena Dua. 2005. Decolonizing anti-racism. Social Justice, 32(4), 120-143.
Mackey, Eva. 2016. Unsettled expectations: Uncertainty, land and settler decolonization. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Martens, Tabitha. 2015. Good news in food: Understanding the value and promise of Indigenous food sovereignty in western Canada (Master’s thesis, University of Manitoba). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30825
Morrison, Dawn. 2011. Indigenous food sovereignty: A model for social learning. In, Hannah Wittman, Annette Aurélie Desmarais and Nettie Wiebe (eds.), Food sovereignty in Canada: Creating just and sustainable food systems. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. pp. 97-113.
National Farmers Union. 2015, March. Losing our grip, 2015 update: How corporate farmland buy-up, rising farm debt, and agribusiness financing of inputs threaten family farms. Retrieved from http://www.nfu.ca/issues/losing-our-grip-2015-update
Nyéléni. 2007, February. Forum for food sovereignty. Nyéléni Village, Sélingué, Mali. Retrieved from https://nyeleni.org/DOWNLOADS/Nyelni_EN.pdf
People’s Food Policy Project. 2015. Resetting the table: A people’s food policy for Canada (2nd Ed.). Montreal: Food Secure Canada. Retrieved from https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/fsc-resetting-2015_web.pdf
People’s Food Policy Project. 2011. Resetting the table: A people’s food policy for Canada. Montreal: Food Secure Canada. Retrieved from http://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/default/files/fsc-resetting2012-8half11-lowres-en.pdf
Samson, Colin. 1999. The dispossession of the Innu and the colonial magic of Canadian Liberalism. Citizenship Studies, 3(1), 5-25.
Tuck, Eve and Wayne K. Yang. 2012. Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 1-40.
Vowel, Chelsea. 2016. Indigenous writes: A guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit issues in Canada. Winnipeg: HighWater.
Watts, Vanessa. 2013. Indigenous place-thought and agency amongst humans and non-humans (First Woman and Sky Woman go on a European world tour!). Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 2(1), 20-34.
Waziyatawin. 2012. The paradox of Indigenous resurgence at the end of empire. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 68-85.
Wiebe, Nettie and Kevin Wipf. 2011. Nurturing food sovereignty in Canada. In, Hannah Wittman, Annette Aurélie Desmarais and Nettie Wiebe (eds.), Food sovereignty in Canada: Creating just and sustainable food systems. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. pp. 1-19.
Whetung, Madeline. 2016. Nishnaabeg Encounters: Living Indigenous Landscapes (Master’s thesis, University of Toronto). Retrieved from: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/76189/3/Whetung_Madeline_201611_MA_thesis.pdf
Wolfe, Patrick. Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387-409.
Byrd, Jodi. 2011. The transit of empire: Indigenous critiques of colonialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Corntassel, Jeff. 2012. Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 86-101.
Corntassel, Jeff and Cheryl Bryce. 2012. Practicing sustainable self-determination: Indigenous approaches to cultural restoration and revitalization. Brown Journal of World Affairs, XVII(II), 151-162.
Coté, Charlotte. 2016. “Indigenizing” food sovereignty. Revitalizing Indigenous food practices and ecological knowledges in Canada and the United States. Humanities, 5(57), 1-14.
Coulthard, Glen Sean. 2014. Red skin white masks: Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Daigle, Michelle. 2017. Tracing the terrain of Indigenous food sovereignties. Journal of Peasant Studies. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2017.1324423
Daigle, Michelle. 2016. Awawanenitakik: The spatial politics of recognition and relational geographies of Indigenous self-determination. The Canadian Geographer, 60(2), 259-269.
Dennison, Jean. 2014. White Indigenous Oklahoma and Chicano Arizona: 21st-cenutry legal mechanisms of settlement. Polical and Legal Anthropology Review, 37(1), 162-180.
Desmarais, Annette Aurélie and Hannah Wittman. 2014. Farmers, foodies and First Nations: Getting to food sovereignty in Canada. Journal of Peasant Studies, 41(6), 1153–1173.
Desmarais, Annette Aurélie. 2002. The Vía Campesina: Consolidating an international peasant and farm movements. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 29(2), 91-124.
Desmarais, Annette Aurélie. 2007. La Vía Campesina: Globalization and the power of peasants. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Grey, Sam and Raj Patel. 2014. Food sovereignty as decolonization: Some contributions from Indigenous movements to food system and development politics. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(3), 431-444. doi:10.1007/s10460-014-9548-9
Indigenous Circle, Food Secure Canada. 2011. Indigenous food sovereignty: Discussion paper 1, People’s Food Policy Project. Retrieved from https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/DP1_Indigenous_Food_Sovereignty.pdf
Indigenous Circle, Food Secure Canada. 2010. First principles protocol for building cross-cultural relationships. Retrieved from https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/First_Principles_July_2010.pdf
Kamal, Asfia Gulrukh, Rene Linklater, Shirley Thompson, Joseph Dipple and Ithinto Mechisowin Committee. 2015. A recipe for change: Reclamation of Indigenous food sovereignty in O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation for decolonization, resource sharing, and cultural restoration. Globalizations, 12(4), 559-575
King, Thomas. 2012. The inconvenient Indian: A curious account of Native people in North America. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
Lawrence, Bonita. 2002. Rewriting histories of the land: Colonization and Indigenous resistance in eastern Canada. In S. H. Razack (Ed.), Race, space, and the law: Unmapping a white settler society. Toronto: Between the Lines.
Lawrence, Bonita and Ena Dua. 2005. Decolonizing anti-racism. Social Justice, 32(4), 120-143.
Mackey, Eva. 2016. Unsettled expectations: Uncertainty, land and settler decolonization. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
Martens, Tabitha. 2015. Good news in food: Understanding the value and promise of Indigenous food sovereignty in western Canada (Master’s thesis, University of Manitoba). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30825
Morrison, Dawn. 2011. Indigenous food sovereignty: A model for social learning. In, Hannah Wittman, Annette Aurélie Desmarais and Nettie Wiebe (eds.), Food sovereignty in Canada: Creating just and sustainable food systems. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. pp. 97-113.
National Farmers Union. 2015, March. Losing our grip, 2015 update: How corporate farmland buy-up, rising farm debt, and agribusiness financing of inputs threaten family farms. Retrieved from http://www.nfu.ca/issues/losing-our-grip-2015-update
Nyéléni. 2007, February. Forum for food sovereignty. Nyéléni Village, Sélingué, Mali. Retrieved from https://nyeleni.org/DOWNLOADS/Nyelni_EN.pdf
People’s Food Policy Project. 2015. Resetting the table: A people’s food policy for Canada (2nd Ed.). Montreal: Food Secure Canada. Retrieved from https://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/foodsecurecanada.org/files/fsc-resetting-2015_web.pdf
People’s Food Policy Project. 2011. Resetting the table: A people’s food policy for Canada. Montreal: Food Secure Canada. Retrieved from http://foodsecurecanada.org/sites/default/files/fsc-resetting2012-8half11-lowres-en.pdf
Samson, Colin. 1999. The dispossession of the Innu and the colonial magic of Canadian Liberalism. Citizenship Studies, 3(1), 5-25.
Tuck, Eve and Wayne K. Yang. 2012. Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 1-40.
Vowel, Chelsea. 2016. Indigenous writes: A guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit issues in Canada. Winnipeg: HighWater.
Watts, Vanessa. 2013. Indigenous place-thought and agency amongst humans and non-humans (First Woman and Sky Woman go on a European world tour!). Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 2(1), 20-34.
Waziyatawin. 2012. The paradox of Indigenous resurgence at the end of empire. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 68-85.
Wiebe, Nettie and Kevin Wipf. 2011. Nurturing food sovereignty in Canada. In, Hannah Wittman, Annette Aurélie Desmarais and Nettie Wiebe (eds.), Food sovereignty in Canada: Creating just and sustainable food systems. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. pp. 1-19.
Whetung, Madeline. 2016. Nishnaabeg Encounters: Living Indigenous Landscapes (Master’s thesis, University of Toronto). Retrieved from: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/76189/3/Whetung_Madeline_201611_MA_thesis.pdf
Wolfe, Patrick. Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387-409.
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Publié-e
2020-04-15
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Kepkiewicz, L. (2020). Whose Land? Complicating Settler Understandings of Land in Canada. ACME: E-Revue Internationale De géographies Critiques, 19(1), 245–269. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1760
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