Aren’t Sex Workers Women? Ladies, Sex Workers and the Contrasting Definitions of Safety and Violence
Keywords:
Gender, violence, safety, sex work, public spaceAbstract
This article focuses on the case of Paris, where programs favoring gender equality in public space have emerged in the context of strong debates over a new prostitution law (passed in 2016) that penalizes clients. Since “women’s” and sex workers' use of public space are treated as radically disconnected questions, this article will explore how this distinction has come into existence by analyzing the differentially regulated presence of women on the streets. We will thus look at various narratives that normalize the appropriate presence of women in public space and analyze the ways in which gendered programs that are supposed to target all women actually create and legitimize differences among women along lines of types of occupation, morality, sexuality, gender, class, and race. In particular, we will explore regimes of perception of safety and security, connected to both sexual harassment and street prostitution, and show how these highlight the moral dimension of the gendered urban organization of space.
References
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Dobash, Russell and Emerson Dobash. 1981. Community response to violence against wives: Charivari, Abstract Justice and Patriarchy. Social Problems 28(5), 563-581.
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Froment-Meurice, Muriel. 2016. Produire et réguler les espaces publics contemporains. Carnets de géographes 9, https://journals.openedition.org/cdg/592.
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Lévy, Florence and Marylène Lieber. 2008. Northern Chinese women in Paris: The illegal immigration-prostitution nexus. Social Science Information 47(4), 629-642.
Legardinier, Claudine. 2014. Dossier Prostitution: quelles politiques pour les villes. Prostitution et société 183, http://www.prostitutionetsociete.fr/IMG/pdf/ps183dossier.pdf.
Lieber, Marylène. 2008. Genre, violences et espaces publics. La vulnérabilité des femmes en question. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Lieber, Marylène. 2016. Qui dénonce le harcèlement de rue ? Un essai de géographie morale. In, Farinaz Fassa, Eléonore Lépinard, Martha Roca i Escoda (eds), Intersectionnalité : Enjeux théoriques et politiques. Paris: La Dispute, 227-251.
Listerborn, Carina. 2007. Who speaks? And who listens? The relationship between planners and women’s participation in local planning in a multi-culural urban environment. GeoJournal 70, 61-74.
Listerborn, Carina. 2015. Geographies of the veil: violent encounters in urban public spaces in Malmö, Sweden. Social and Cultural Geography 16(1), 95-115.
Listerborn, Carina. 2016. Feminist struggle over urban safety and the politic of space. European Journal of Women Studies 23(3), 251-264.
Lukes, Steven. 1974. Power. A Radical View. London: Macmillan.
Madriz, Esther. 1997. Nothing Bad Happens to Good Girls. Fear of Crime in Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Maffesoli, Sarah-Marie. 2008. Le traitement juridique de la prostitution. Sociétés 99, 33-46
Mai, Nicola. 2016. ‘Too Much Suffering’: Understanding the Interplay Between Migration, Bounded Exploitation and Trafficking Through Nigerian Sex Workers' Experiences. Sociological Research Online 21(4), http://www.socresonline.org.uk/21/4/13.html.
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Mathieu, Lilian. 2002. Quand ‘la peur devient une existence’ : Sur la place de la violence dans le monde de la prostitution. L’homme et la Société 143-144, 47-63.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2003. Prostituées et féministes en 1975 et 2002 : l'impossible reconduction d'une alliance. Travail, genre et sociétés 10, 31-48.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2012. An ambiguous compassion. Prostitution policies in France. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 9(3), 203-211.
Mathieu, Lilian 2013. Genèse et logiques des politiques de prostitution en France. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 198, 5-20.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2014. Invisibiliser et éloigner : quelques tendances des politiques de la prostitution. Regards croisés sur l'économie 15, 290-301.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2015. Des monstres ordinaires. Champ pénal/Penal field 12, http://journals.openedition.org/ champpenal/9093.
Mitchell, Don and Lynn A. Staeheli. 2006. Clean and safe property redevelopments, public space and homelessness in downtown San Diego. In, Setha Low and Neil Smith (eds.), The Politics of Public Space. London: Routledge, 143-175.
Moran, Leslie and Beverly Skeggs. 2004. Sexuality and the politics of violence and safety. London: Routledge.
Moser, Caroline. 1993. Gender planning and development. London: Routledge.
Roses d’acier. 2016. What gives them the right to judge us? In, Giulia Garofalo Geymonat and P.G. Macioti (eds), 'Sex workers speak: who listens?’, Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/what-gives-them-right-to-judge-us/.
Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines and Marion Roberts. 2013. Fair shared cities. The impact of gender planning in Europe. London: Ashgate Publishing.
Sanders, Teela. 2016. Inevitably Violent? Dynamics of Space, Governance, and Stigma in Understanding Violence against Sex Workers. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 71, 93-114.
Skeggs, Beverly. 1997. The formation of class and gender. Becoming respectable. London: Sage.
Ticktin, Miriam. 2008. Sexual Violence as the Language of Border Control: Where French Feminist and Anti‐immigrant Rhetoric Meet. Signs 33(4), 863-889.
Tummers, Lidewij. 2015. Stéréotypes de genre dans la pratique de l’urbanisme. Travail, genre et sociétés, 33, 67-84.
Valentine, Gill. 1992. Images of danger: Women’s sources of information about the spatial distribution of male violence. Area 24(1), 22-29.
Valverde, Marianna. 2012. Everyday law on the street: city governance in an age of diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Van Der Berg, Marguerite. 2012. Feminity as a city marketing strategy: Gender bending Rotterdam. Urban Studies 49(1), 153-168.
Young, Iris. 1990. Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Agustin, Laura. 2007. Sex at the margins: Migration, labour market and the rescue industry. London: Zed Books.
Andrijasevic, Rutvica. 2010. Migration, agency, and citizenship in sex trafficking. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bracke, Sarah. 2012. From ‘saving women’ to ‘saving gays’: Rescue narratives and their dis/continuities. European Journal of Women’s Studies 19(2), 237-252.
Brown, Wendy. 1995. State of Injury. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Calderaro, Charlène and Calogero Giametta. 2019. ‘The Problem of prostitution’: Repressive policies in the name of migration control, public order, and women’s rights in France. Anti-Trafficking Review 12, 155-171.
Charrueau, Jimmy. 2015. Une loi contre le sexisme ? Etude de l’initiative belge. La revue des Droits de l’Homme 7, http://revdh.revues.org/1130.
Chimienti, Milena. 2009. Prostitution et migration. La dynamique de l’Agir faible. Zurich: Seismo.
Chuang, Ya-Han and Hélène Le Bail. 2020. How marginality leads to inclusion: insights from mobilizations of Chinese female migrants in Paris. Ethnic and Racial Studies 43(2), 294-312.
Clerval, Anne. 2011. The spatial dynamics of gentrification in Paris: a synthesis map. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, https://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/23745?lang=en.
Crenshaw, Kimberley. 2005 [1994]. Cartographie des marges : intersectionnalité, politique de l’identité et violences contre les femmes de couleur. Cahiers du Genre 39, 51-82.
DeSena, Judith. 2008. Introduction to Gender in an Urban World. In, Judith DeSena (ed.), Gender in an urban world - Research in urban sociology (Volume 9). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 1-7.
Deschamps, Catherine and Anne Souyris. 2005. Femmes publiques : les féminismes à l’épreuve de la prostitution. Paris: Amsterdam/Multitudes.
Dobash, Russell and Emerson Dobash. 1981. Community response to violence against wives: Charivari, Abstract Justice and Patriarchy. Social Problems 28(5), 563-581.
Doezema, Jo. 2001. Ouch! Western feminists’ ‘wounded attachment’ to the ‘third world prostitute’. Feminist Review 67, 16-38.
Froment-Meurice, Muriel. 2016. Produire et réguler les espaces publics contemporains. Carnets de géographes 9, https://journals.openedition.org/cdg/592.
Glasbeek, Amanda. 2006. ‘My wife has endured a torrent of abuse’: Gender, safety, and anti-squeegee discourses in Toronto, 1998-2000. Windsor Yearbook of access to Justice 24(1), 55-76.
Guillemaut, Françoise. 2006. Victimes de trafic ou actrices d’un processus migratoire? Terrains & travaux 10, 157-176.
Gusfield, Joseph. 2009 [1981]. La culture des problèmes publics. L'alcool au volant : la production d'un ordre symbolique. Paris: Economica.
Hancock, Claire. 2014. L’espace ressource ou leurre : qu’est-ce que penser spatialement fait gagner, et perdre à la réflexion sur le genre ? Les cahiers du CEDREF : Le tournant spatial dans les études genre 21, 25-44.
Hancock, Claire. 2018. Banlieusard.e.s claiming a right to the City of Light: gendered violence and spatial politics in Paris. Cities 76, 23-28.
Hancock, Claire et al. 2017. Le(s) Pari(s) du genre : Connaissances, politiques et pratiques urbaines au prisme du genre. Rapport de recherche, UPEC, UPEM, Université Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne.
Hubbard, Philip. 2000. Desire/disgust: mapping the moral contours of heterosexuality. Progress in Human Geography 24(2), 191-217.
Jakšić, Milena. 2016. La traite des êtres humains en France. De la victime idéale à la victime coupable. Paris: CNRS éditions.
Kapur, Ratna. 2005. Erotic Justice: Law and the New Politics of Postcolonialism. London: Glasshouse Press.
Kelly, Liz. 1987. The continuum of sexual violence. In, Jalna Hanmer and Mary Maynard (eds), Women, Violence and Social Control. London: The MacMillian Press Ltd., 46-60.
Kern, Leslie. 2010. Selling the ‘scary city’: gendering freedom, fear and condominium development in the neoliberal city. Social and Cultural Geography 11(3), 209-230.
Kern, Leslie. 2005. In Place and At Home in the City: Connecting privilege, safety and belonging for women in Toronto. Gender, Place & Culture 12(3), 357-377.
Kermogant, Benoît. 2016. Le consentement et ses ambiguïtés. Prostitution et société, http://www.prostitutionetsociete.fr/eclairage/comprendre/article/le-consentement-et-ses-ambiguites.
Le Bail, Hélène. 2015. Mobilisation de femmes chinoises migrantes se prostituant à Paris. De l’invisibilité à l’action collective. Genre, sexualité & société, 14, Autumn, https://journals.openedition.org/gss/3679.
Le Bail, Hélène. 2017. Les travailleuses du sexe chinoises entre répression et revendication”. La vie des Idées, 30 May, https://laviedesidees.fr/Les-trottoirs-de-Belleville.html.
Le Bail, Hélène and Calogero Giametta. 2018 (2019 for the English version). What Do Sex Workers Think about the French Prostitution Act? A Study on the Impact of the Law from 13 April 2016 Against the "Prostitution System” in France. Paris: Doctors of the World, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02115877/document.
Le Bail, Hélène and Lieber Marylène. Forthcoming. Sweeping the streets, cleaning morals. Chinese sex workers claiming their belonging to the cosmopolitan city. In, Catherine Lejeune, Delphine Pagès and Camille Schmoll (eds), Cosmopolitanism as urbanity. Berlin: Springer.
Lévy, Florence and Marylène Lieber. 2008. Northern Chinese women in Paris: The illegal immigration-prostitution nexus. Social Science Information 47(4), 629-642.
Legardinier, Claudine. 2014. Dossier Prostitution: quelles politiques pour les villes. Prostitution et société 183, http://www.prostitutionetsociete.fr/IMG/pdf/ps183dossier.pdf.
Lieber, Marylène. 2008. Genre, violences et espaces publics. La vulnérabilité des femmes en question. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
Lieber, Marylène. 2016. Qui dénonce le harcèlement de rue ? Un essai de géographie morale. In, Farinaz Fassa, Eléonore Lépinard, Martha Roca i Escoda (eds), Intersectionnalité : Enjeux théoriques et politiques. Paris: La Dispute, 227-251.
Listerborn, Carina. 2007. Who speaks? And who listens? The relationship between planners and women’s participation in local planning in a multi-culural urban environment. GeoJournal 70, 61-74.
Listerborn, Carina. 2015. Geographies of the veil: violent encounters in urban public spaces in Malmö, Sweden. Social and Cultural Geography 16(1), 95-115.
Listerborn, Carina. 2016. Feminist struggle over urban safety and the politic of space. European Journal of Women Studies 23(3), 251-264.
Lukes, Steven. 1974. Power. A Radical View. London: Macmillan.
Madriz, Esther. 1997. Nothing Bad Happens to Good Girls. Fear of Crime in Women’s Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Maffesoli, Sarah-Marie. 2008. Le traitement juridique de la prostitution. Sociétés 99, 33-46
Mai, Nicola. 2016. ‘Too Much Suffering’: Understanding the Interplay Between Migration, Bounded Exploitation and Trafficking Through Nigerian Sex Workers' Experiences. Sociological Research Online 21(4), http://www.socresonline.org.uk/21/4/13.html.
Mairie de Paris. 2017. Guide Genre et Espaces publics. Paris.
Mairie de Paris. 2016. Compte rendu du Conseil municipal et départemental des 14, 15, 16 décembre 2015. 3 février. Paris. https://api-site.paris.fr/images/77462.
Mairie de Paris. 2015a. Genre & espace public. Actes de la journée du 13 octobre 2015. Paris.
Mairie de Paris. 2015b. Contrat parisien de prévention et de sécurité, 2015-2018. Paris.
Mairie de Paris, 2015c. Compte rendu du Conseil municipal et départemental des lundi 29, mardi 30 juin, mercredi 1er et jeudi 2 juillet 2015, 23 septembre. Paris.
Mairie du 10e. 2015. Extrait du compte rendu du Conseil d’arrondissement du 15 juin 2015. Paris.
Mairie du 19e. 2015. Compte rendu du Conseil d’arrondissement du 15 juin 2015. Paris.
Mairie du 20e. 2015. Compte rendu du Conseil d’arrondissement du 18 juin 2015. Paris.
Mallochet, Virginie. 2018. L’implication des pouvoirs locaux dans la gouvernance des politiques de sécurité urbaine : enjeux d’échelles et d’articulation. Le cas de l’Île-de-France, Paper presented at the conference Politiques et (in)sécurité : action publique, politisation et savoirs experts. Groupe de projet Epopé / AFSP / Paris, October.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2002. Quand ‘la peur devient une existence’ : Sur la place de la violence dans le monde de la prostitution. L’homme et la Société 143-144, 47-63.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2003. Prostituées et féministes en 1975 et 2002 : l'impossible reconduction d'une alliance. Travail, genre et sociétés 10, 31-48.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2012. An ambiguous compassion. Prostitution policies in France. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 9(3), 203-211.
Mathieu, Lilian 2013. Genèse et logiques des politiques de prostitution en France. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 198, 5-20.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2014. Invisibiliser et éloigner : quelques tendances des politiques de la prostitution. Regards croisés sur l'économie 15, 290-301.
Mathieu, Lilian. 2015. Des monstres ordinaires. Champ pénal/Penal field 12, http://journals.openedition.org/ champpenal/9093.
Mitchell, Don and Lynn A. Staeheli. 2006. Clean and safe property redevelopments, public space and homelessness in downtown San Diego. In, Setha Low and Neil Smith (eds.), The Politics of Public Space. London: Routledge, 143-175.
Moran, Leslie and Beverly Skeggs. 2004. Sexuality and the politics of violence and safety. London: Routledge.
Moser, Caroline. 1993. Gender planning and development. London: Routledge.
Roses d’acier. 2016. What gives them the right to judge us? In, Giulia Garofalo Geymonat and P.G. Macioti (eds), 'Sex workers speak: who listens?’, Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/what-gives-them-right-to-judge-us/.
Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines and Marion Roberts. 2013. Fair shared cities. The impact of gender planning in Europe. London: Ashgate Publishing.
Sanders, Teela. 2016. Inevitably Violent? Dynamics of Space, Governance, and Stigma in Understanding Violence against Sex Workers. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 71, 93-114.
Skeggs, Beverly. 1997. The formation of class and gender. Becoming respectable. London: Sage.
Ticktin, Miriam. 2008. Sexual Violence as the Language of Border Control: Where French Feminist and Anti‐immigrant Rhetoric Meet. Signs 33(4), 863-889.
Tummers, Lidewij. 2015. Stéréotypes de genre dans la pratique de l’urbanisme. Travail, genre et sociétés, 33, 67-84.
Valentine, Gill. 1992. Images of danger: Women’s sources of information about the spatial distribution of male violence. Area 24(1), 22-29.
Valverde, Marianna. 2012. Everyday law on the street: city governance in an age of diversity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Van Der Berg, Marguerite. 2012. Feminity as a city marketing strategy: Gender bending Rotterdam. Urban Studies 49(1), 153-168.
Young, Iris. 1990. Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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2021-06-07
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Lieber, M., & Le Bail, H. (2021). Aren’t Sex Workers Women? Ladies, Sex Workers and the Contrasting Definitions of Safety and Violence. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 20(3), 241–256. Retrieved from https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/2004
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