Perform and Transform the Settler Colonial City

Digital Infrastructure and Located Expression on Instagram

Authors

  • Carrie Karsgaard Arizona State University

Abstract

While opposition to the Trans Mountain pipeline extends far beyond British Columbia’s southwest coast, Vancouver provides a specific site to explore the intersections of platform, place, and anti-pipeline sentiment in Instagrammed expression surrounding a controversy embedded in colonial extraction. A city located on Indigenous lands yet shaped by an elite settler imaginary of sustainability, outdoor recreation, and west coast lifestyles, Vancouver-based anti-pipeline resistance sees the uneven geographic intersection of the pipeline with various social, environmental, and climate concerns, including Canada’s failure to acknowledge Indigenous sovereignty on pipeline-affected lands. Through the patterns revealed by digital methods and visual methodologies centered on Instagram’s location tag, this paper reveals how settler colonialism infuses the platformed and grounded components in place-based issue expression – and also how it is resisted, reconfiguring relations both on the land and in the digital realm.

References

arc298. 2018. Instagram-Scraper. GitHub. https://github.com/arc298/instagram-scraper

Ash, James, Rob Kitchin, and Agnieszka Leszczynski. 2018. “Digital Turn, Digital Geographies?” Progress in Human Geography 42 (1): 25-43.

Baloy, Natalie. 2016. “Spectacles and Spectres: Settler Colonial Spaces in Vancouver.” Settler Colonial Studies 6 (3): 209–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2015.1018101

Bardzell, Jeffrey. 2009. “Discourse Analysis vs. Close Reading,” Interaction Culture. https://interactionculture.net/2009/03/24/discourse-analysis-vs-close-reading.

Barker, Adam J. 2012. “Already Occupied: Indigenous Peoples, Settler Colonialism and the Occupy Movements in North America.” Social Movement Studies 11 (3–4): 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2012.708922

Barry, Janice, and Julian Agyeman. 2020. “On Belonging and Becoming in the Settler-Colonial City: Co-produced Futurities, Placemaking, and Urban Planning in the United States.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity and the City 1 (1–2): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2020.1793703

Bastian, Mathieu, Sebastien Heymann, and Mathieu Jacomy. 2009. “Gephi : An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks.” Third International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media 2.

Bastos, Marco Toledo, Raquel Da Cunha Recuero, and Gabriela Da Silva Zago. 2014. “Taking Tweets to the Streets: A Spatial Analysis of the Vinegar Protests in Brazil.” First Monday 19 (3): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i3.5227.

Beasley, Larry. 2019. Vancouverism. On Point Press.

Bonilla, Yarimar, and Jonathan Rosa. 2015. “#Ferguson: Digital Protest, Hashtag Ethnography, and the Racial Politics of Social Media in the United States.” American Ethnologist 42 (1): 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112.

Braun, Bruce. 2002. The Intemperate Rainforest: Nature, Culture, and Power on Canada’s West Coast. U of Minnesota Press.

Bruns, Axel, and Jean Burgess. 2015. “Twitter Hashtags from Ad Hoc to Calculated Publics.” In Hashtag Publics: The Power and Politics of Discursive Networks, edited by Nathan Rambukkana, 13–28. Peter Lang.

Carbaugh, Donald, and Lisa Rudnick. 2006. “Which Place, What Story? Cultural Discourses at the Border of the Blackfeet Reservation and Glacier National Park.” Great Plains Quarterly 26 (3): 167–84.

Ceric, Irina. 2020. “Beyond Contempt: Injunctions, Land Defense, and the Criminalization of Indigenous Resistance.” South Atlantic Quarterly 119 (2): 353–69. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8177795.

Constantinides, Panos, Ola Henfridsson, and Geoffrey G. Parker. 2018. “Introduction—Platforms and Infrastructures in the Digital Age,” Information Systems Research 29 (2): 381-400.

Coulthard, Glen Sean (2014). Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. U of Minnesota Press.

Cowen, Deborah. (2020). “Following the Infrastructures of Empire: Notes on Cities, Settler Colonialism, and Method.” Urban Geography 41 (4): 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1677990.

Crosby, Andrew. 2021. “The Racialized Logics of Settler Colonial Policing: Indigenous ‘Communities of Concern’ and Critical Infrastructure in Canada.” Settler Colonial Studies 0 (0): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2021.1884426.

Culler, Jonathan. 2011. “The Closeness of Close Reading.” ADFL Bulletin 41 (3).

Dafnos, Tia. 2019. “The Enduring Settler-Colonial Emergency: Indian Affairs and Contemporary Emergency Management in Canada.” Settler Colonial Studies 9 (3): 379–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2018.1491157.

Dafnos, Tia. 2020. “Energy Futures and Present Threats: Critical Infrastructure Resilience, Accumulation, and Dispossession.” Studies in Political Economy 101 (2): 114–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/07078552.2020.1802832.

Dorries, Heather, David Hugill, and Julie Tomiak. 2022. “Racial Capitalism and the Production of Settler Colonial Cities.” Geoforum 132: 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.07.016

Fuchs, Christian. 2017. “From Digital Positivism and Administrative Big Data Analytics Towards Critical Digital and Social Media Research.” European Journal of Communication 32 (1): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682804.

Gallop, Jane. 2000. “The Ethics of Reading: Close Encounters.” Journal of Curriculum Theorizing 16 (3): 7–17.

Gallop, Jane. 2007. “The Historicization of Literary Studies and the Fate of Close Reading.” Profession 1: 181–86.

Gilio-Whitaker, Dina. 2019. As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock. Beacon Press.

Gobby, Jen, and Kristian Gareau. 2018. “Understanding the Crises, Uncovering Root Causes and Envisioning the World(s) We Want: Conversations with the Anti-Pipeline Movements in Canada.” In Routledge Handbook of Climate Justice, edited by Tahseen Jafry, 449–64. Routledge.

Gobby, Jen, Leah Temper, Matthew Burke, and Nicolas von Ellenrieder. 2021. “Resistance as Governance: Transformative Strategies Forged on the Frontlines of Extractivism in Canada.” The Extractive Industries and Society 9: 100919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100919.

Hand, Martin. 2017. “Visuality in Social Media: Researching Images, Circulations and Practices.” In The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods, 217–31. SAGE.

Highfield, Tim, and Tama Leaver. 2015. “A Methodology for Mapping Instagram Hashtags.” First Monday 20 (1): 1–11.

Hinchliffe, Emma. 2016. “Instagram Is Killing a Big Feature.” Mashable. https://mashable.com/2016/09/06/instagram-kills-photo-maps/.

Hugill, David. 2017. “What is a Settler-Colonial City?” Geography Compass 11 (5): e12315. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12315

Jonasson, Michael E., Samuel J. Spiegel, Sarah Thomas, Annalee Yassi, Hannah Wittman, Tim Takaro, Reza Afshari, Michael Markwick, and Jerry M. Spiegel. 2019. “Oil Pipelines and Food Sovereignty: Threat to Health Equity for Indigenous Communities.” Journal of Public Health Policy 40 (4): 504–17. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-019-00186-1.

Karsgaard, Carrie. 2022. “Schooled by Scrolling the Trans Mountain Pipeline? Tracing (Anti)colonial Public Pedagogy on Instagram.” PhD diss. University of Alberta. https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-wqk2-h862.

Karsgaard, Carrie, and Maggie MacDonald. 2020. “Picturing the pipeline: Mapping settler colonialism on Instagram.” New Media and Society 22 (7): 1206-1226.

Karsgaard, Carrie, Maggie MacDonald, and Michael Hockenhull. 2021. “Rename and Resist Settler Colonialism: Land Acknowledgments and Twitter’s Toponymic Politics.” First Monday.

Kelly, David. 2021. “Beyond the Frame, Beyond Critique: Reframing Place Through More-than Visual Participant-Photography.” Area 53 (2): 229–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12611.

Kraushaar-Friesen, Naima, and Henner Busch. 2020. “Of Pipe Dreams and Fossil Fools: Advancing Canadian Fossil Fuel Hegemony through the Trans Mountain Pipeline.” Energy Research and Social Science 69: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101695.

LaDuke, Winona, and Cowen, Deborah. 2020. “Beyond Wiindigo Infrastructure.” South Atlantic Quarterly 119 (2): 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8177747

Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press.

Leaver, Tama, Tim Highfield, and Crystal Abidin. 2020. Instagram: Visual Social Media Cultures. Cambridge, UK; Medford, MA, USA: Polity.

Marres, Noortje, and David Moats. 2015. “Mapping Controversies with Social Media: The Case for Symmetry.” Social Media + Society 1 (2): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604176.

Marres, Noortje, and Esther Weltevrede. 2013. “Scraping the Social?” Journal of Cultural Economy 6 (3): 313–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2013.772070.

Mars, Laura. 2015. “Indigenous Resistance and Imagining beyond Capitalism: Reflections from Burnaby Mountain.” UBC Journal of Political Studies 17: 111–18.

Mitchell, Peta, and Tim Highfield. 2017. “Mediated Geographies of Everyday Life: Navigating the Ambient, Augmented and Algorithmic Geographies of Geomedia.” Ctrl-Z: New Media Philosophy 7: 1–5.

Monaghan, Jeffrey, and Kevin Walby. 2017. “Surveillance of Environmental Movements in Canada: Critical Infrastructure Protection and the Petro-Security Apparatus.” Contemporary Justice Review 20 (1): 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2016.1262770.

Murphyao, Amanda, and Kelly Black. 2015. “Unsettling Settler Belonging: (Re)Naming and Territory Making in the Pacific Northwest.” American Review of Canadian Studies 45 (3): 315–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02722011.2015.1063523.

Nash, Catherine. 1999. “Irish Placenames: Post-Colonial Locations.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 24 (4): 457–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.1999.00457.x.

Niederer, Sabine, and Gabriele Colombo. 2019. “Visual Methodologies for Networked Images: Designing Visualizations for Collaborative Research, Cross-Platform Analysis, and Public Participation.” Disena 14: 40–67. https://doi.org/10.7764/disena.14.40-67.

Pasternak, S., and H. King. 2019. “Land Back: A Yellowhead Institute Red Paper.” https://redpaper.yellowheadinstitute.org/.

Pearce, Warren, Suay M. Özkula, Amanda K. Greene, Lauren Teeling, Jennifer S. Bansard, Janna Joceli Omena, and Elaine Teixeira Rabello. 2020. “Visual Cross-Platform Analysis: Digital Methods to Research Social Media Images.” Information, Communication and Society 23 (2): 161–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1486871.

Photoshop Apps - Desktop, Mobile, and Tablet. n.d. Accessed November 12, 2020. https://www.photoshop.com.

Poell, Thomas, and Erik Borra. 2012. “Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr as Platforms of Alternative Journalism: The Social Media Account of the 2010 Toronto G20 Protests.” Journalism 13 (6): 695–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911431533.

Preston, Jen. 2017. “Racial Extractivism and White Settler Colonialism: An Examination of the Canadian Tar Sands Mega-Projects.” Cultural Studies 31 (2–3): 353–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2017.1303432.

Proulx, Craig. 2014. “Colonizing Surveillance: Canada Constructs an Indigenous Terror Threat.” Anthropologica 56 (1): 83–100.

Proulx, Guillaume, and Nicholas Jon Crane. 2020. “‘To See Things in an Objective Light’: The Dakota Access Pipeline and the Ongoing Construction of Settler Colonial Landscapes.” Journal of Cultural Geography 37 (1): 46–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2019.1665856.

Ramírez, Margaret Marietta. 2020. “Take the Houses Back/Take the Land Back: Black and Indigenous Urban Futures in Oakland.” Urban Geography 41 (5): 682–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1736440.

Rogers, Richard. 2013. Digital Methods. MIT Press.

Rogers, Richard. 2015. “Digital Methods for Web Research.” In Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1–22. John Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0076.

Rogers, Richard. 2021. “Visual Media Analysis for Instagram and Other Online Platforms.” Big Data and Society 8 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211022370.

Rogers, Richard, Natalia Sánchez-Querubín, and Aleksandra Kil. 2015. Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe. Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789089647160.

Rose, Gillian. 2016a. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. SAGE.

Rose, Gillian. 2016b. “Rethinking the Geographies of Cultural ‘Objects’ through Digital Technologies: Interface, Network and Friction.” Progress in Human Geography 40 (3): 334–51.

Rose-Redwood, Reuben. 2016. “‘Reclaim, Rename, Reoccupy’: Decolonizing Place and the Reclaiming of PKOLS.” ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 15 (1): 187–206.

Rose-Redwood, Reuben, Derek Alderman, and Maoz Azaryahu. 2010. “Geographies of Toponymic Inscription: New Directions in Critical Place-Name Studies.” Progress in Human Geography 34 (4): 453–70.

Sánchez-Querubín, N., Schäfer, M.T., and van Es, K. 2017. “Case Study: Webs and Streams – Mapping Issue Networks Using Hyperlinks, Hashtags and (Potentially) Embedded Content.” In The Datafied Society: Studying Culture Through Data, edited by M.T. Schäfer and K. van Es, 95–108. Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789462981362.

Simpson, Leanne, and Naomi Klein. 2017. “Dancing the World into Being: A Conversation With Idle No More’s Simpson.” Tabula Rasa 26: 51–70. https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.188.

Simpson, Michael. 2020. “Fossil Urbanism: Fossil Fuel Flows, Settler Colonial Circulations, and the Production of Carbon Cities.” Urban Geography 0 (0): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1840206.

Spice, Anne. 2018. “Fighting Invasive Infrastructures: Indigenous Relations against Pipelines.” Environment and Society 9 (1): 40–56. https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2018.090104.

Spiegel, Samuel J. 2021. “Climate Injustice, Criminalisation of Land Protection and Anti-Colonial Solidarity: Courtroom Ethnography in an Age of Fossil Fuel Violence.” Political Geography 84: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102298.

Spiegel, Samuel J., Sarah Thomas, Kevin O’Neill, Cassandra Brondgeest, Jen Thomas, Jiovanni Beltran, Terena Hunt, and Annalee Yassi. 2020. “Visual Storytelling, Intergenerational Environmental Justice and Indigenous Sovereignty: Exploring Images and Stories Amid a Contested Oil Pipeline Project.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (7): 1–21.

Stanger-Ross, Jordan. 2008. “Municipal Colonialism in Vancouver: City Planning and the Conflict over Indian Reserves, 1928–1950s.” Canadian Historical Review 89 (4): 541–580. https://doi.org/10.3138/chr.89.4.541

Sutko, Daniel M., and Adriana de Souza e Silva. 2011. “Location-Aware Mobile Media and Urban Sociability.” New Media and Society 13 (5): 807–823.

Sweet, Victoria. 2013. “Extracting More than Resources: Human Security and Arctic Indigenous Women.” Seattle University Law Review 37: 1157–78.

Tomiak, Julie. 2017. “Contesting the Settler City: Indigenous Self-Determination, New Urban Reserves, and the Neoliberalization of Colonialism.” Antipode 49 (4): 928–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12308

Tomiak, Julie. 2022. “Land Back / Cities Back.” Urban Geography 0 (0): 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2022.2126610.

Utekhin, Ilya. 2017. “Small Data First: Pictures from Instagram as an Ethnographic Source.” Russian Journal of Communication 9 (2): 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/19409419.2017.1327328.

Van Dijck, José, David Nieborg, and Thomas Poell. 2019. “Reframing Platform Power.” Internet Policy Review 8 (2): 1-18.

Venturini, Tommaso, and Bruno Latour. 2009. “The Social Fabric: Digital Footprints and Quali-Quantitative Methods.” Proceedings of Future En Seine, 87–103.

Whyte, Kyle. 2016. “Indigenous Food Systems, Environmental Justice, and Settler-Industrial States.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2770094. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2770094.

Whyte, Kyle. 2017. “Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene.” English Language Notes 55 (1): 153–62.

Wideman, Trevor. 2015. “(Re) Assembling ‘Japantown’: A Critical Toponymy of Planning and Resistance in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside.” Master’s thesis, Kingston, Ontario: Queen’s University.

Wolfe, Patrick. 2006. “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native.” Journal of Genocide Research 8 (4): 387–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240

Downloads

Published

2022-12-29

How to Cite

Karsgaard, C. (2022). Perform and Transform the Settler Colonial City: Digital Infrastructure and Located Expression on Instagram. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 21(6), 623–640. Retrieved from https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/2234