“Why Care Now” in Forced Migration Research?

Imagining a Radical Feminist Ethics of Care

Authors

  • Christina Clark-Kazak University of Ottawa

Keywords:

Migration, ethics, feminism, care

Abstract

This article lays out the ethical, epistemological, and methodological reasons for radical care ethics in research in forced migration. Drawing on a growing body of literature and recent initiatives to codify ethics in forced migration studies, it highlights the transformational potential of a radical feminist care approach to the “ethical turn” in the field.  I suggest that radical care ethics re-centers reciprocal human relationships in forced migration research to address specific ethical challenges posed by the criminalization of migration, extreme power asymmetries, precarities in migration status and politicization of migration policies. It is incumbent on all forced migration researchers to think proactively and carefully about ethics beyond procedures prescribed by institutional processes. I conclude with ways in which we can build on examples of radical care ethics in forced migration studies to imagine an “otherwise” (Povinelli 2012b) in our field.

Author Biography

Christina Clark-Kazak, University of Ottawa

I am an Associate Professor at uOttawa’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, Past President of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration and immediate past Editor-in-chief of Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees. I have previously worked for York University, Saint Paul University, the Canadian government and the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. I have also served as President of the Canadian Association for Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, Director of York University’s Centre for Refugee Studies and Associate Principal (Research and Graduate Studies) at York’s bilingual Glendon campus. My research focuses on: age discrimination in migration and development policy; political participation of young people; and inter-disciplinary methodologies.

References

Abdelnour, Samer, and Mai Abu Moghli. 2021. “Researching Violent Contexts: A Call for Political Reflexivity.” Organization, July, 135050842110306. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505084211030646.

Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, Katrine Emilie Andersen, and Lene Hansen. 2020. “Images, Emotions, and International Politics: The Death of Alan Kurdi.” Review of International Studies 46 (1): 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210519000317.

Ahmed, Sara. 2015. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. Second edition. New York: Routledge.

Aiken, Sharry, and Stephanie J. Silverman. 2021. “Decarceral Futures: Bridging Immigration and Prison Justice towards an Abolitionist Future.” Citizenship Studies 25 (2): 141–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2021.1890405.

Alio, Mustafa, Shaza Alrihawi, James Milner, Anila Noor, Najeeba Wazefadost, and Pascal Zigashane. 2020. “By Refugees, for Refugees: Refugee Leadership during COVID-19, and Beyond.” International Journal of Refugee Law 32 (2): 370–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa021.

Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. “Research Beyond the Categories: The Importance of Policy Irrelevant Research into Forced Migration.” Journal of Refugee Studies 21 (4): 432–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen042.

Baldwin-Edwards, Martin, Brad K. Blitz, and Heaven Crawley. 2019. The Politics of Evidence-Based Policy in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis.’ Taylor & Francis.

Banerjee, Paula. 2022. “What Is Feminist About Studying Women’s Forced Migration.” In Gender, Identity and Migration in India, edited by Nasreen Chowdhory and Paula Banerjee, 43–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5598-2_3.

Banki, Susan. 2013. “Precarity of Place: A Complement to the Growing Precariat Literature.” Global Discourse 3 (3): 450–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2014.881139.

Bender, Leslie. 1990. “From Gender Difference to Feminist Solidarity: Using Carol Gilligan and an Ethic of Care in Law Symposium - A Fair Hearing.” Vermont Law Review 15 (1): 1–48.

Block, Karen. 2013. Values and vulnerabilities: the ethics of research with refugees and asylum seekers. Toowong, Qld: Australian Academic Press Group Pty Ltd.

Bloemraad, Irene, and Cecilia Menjívar. 2022. “Precarious Times, Professional Tensions: The Ethics of Migration Research and the Drive for Scientific Accountability.” International Migration Review 56 (1): 4–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211014455.

Bose, Pablo S. 2020. “Refugee Research in the Shadow of Fear.” GeoJournal, November. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10342-w.

Botes, Annatjie. 2000. “A Comparison between the Ethics of Justice and the Ethics of Care.” Journal of Advanced Nursing 32 (5): 1071–75. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01576.x.

Bradley, Megan. 2007. “Refugee Research Agendas: The Influence of Donors and North-South Partnerships.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 26 (3): 119–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi0247.

Bradley, Megan, James Milner, and Blair Peruniak, eds. 2019. Refugees’ Roles in Resolving Displacement and Building Peace: Beyond Beneficiaries. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.

Bragg, Bronwyn. 2021. “(De)Constructing Refugee Vulnerability: Overcoming Institutional Barriers to Ethnographic Research With Refugee Communities.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, July, 089124162110316. https://doi.org/10.1177/08912416211031645.

Brankamp, Hanno. 2021. “Feeling the Refugee Camp: Affectual Research, Bodies, and Suspicion.” Area, July, area.12739. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12739.

Brennan, Deirdre. 2021. “Caring about Statelessness: Unpacking the “End Statelessness" Campaigns through a Feminist Ethics of Care.” May 2021. https://law.unimelb.edu.au/centres/statelessness/critical-statelessness-studies-blog/caring-about-statelessness-unpacking-the-end-statelessness-campaigns-through-a-feminist-ethics-of-care.

Brun, Cathrine. 2015. “Active Waiting and Changing Hopes: Toward a Time Perspective on Protracted Displacement.” Social Analysis 59 (1): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2015.590102.

Cabot, Heath. 2016. “‘Refugee Voices’: Tragedy, Ghosts, and the Anthropology of Not Knowing.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 45 (6): 645–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241615625567.

Centre for Refugee Studies, Canadian Council for Refugees, and Canadian Association for Refugee and Forced Migration Studies. n.d. “Your Rights in Research: An Information Sheet for People Taking Part in Forced Migration Research.” https://carfms.org/your-rights-in-research/

Chatty, Dawn. 2016. “Refugee Voices: Exploring the Border Zones between States and State Bureaucracies.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 32 (1): 3–6. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40378.

Chatzidakis, Andreas, Jamie Hakim, Jo Littler, Catherine Rottenberg, and Lynne Segal. 2020. “From Carewashing to Radical Care: The Discursive Explosions of Care during Covid-19.” Feminist Media Studies 20 (6): 889–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2020.1781435.

Chatzipanagiotidou, Evropi, and Fiona Murphy. 2022. “Exhibiting Displacement: Refugee Art, Methodological Dubiety and the Responsibility (Not) to Document Loss.” In Documenting Displacement: Questioning Methodological Boundaries in Forced Migration Research. MQUP.

Chimni, B. S. 1998. “The Geopolitics of Refugee Studies: A View from the South.” Journal of Refugee Studies 11 (4): 350–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/11.4.350-a.

———. 2009. “The Birth of a ‘Discipline’: From Refugee to Forced Migration Studies.” Journal of Refugee Studies 22 (1): 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen051.

Clark-Kazak, Christina. 2011. Recounting Migration: Political Narratives of Congolese Young People in Uganda. McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.

———. 2017. “Ethical Considerations: Research with People in Situations of Forced Migration.” Refuge 33 (2): 3.

———. 2019a. “Developing Ethical Guidelines for Research.” Forced Migration Review, no. 61: 12–13.

———. 2019b. “Partnering on Research Methodologies in Forced Migration: Challenges, Opportunities, and Lessons Learned.” In Mobilizing Global Knowledge.

———. 2021. “Ethics in Forced Migration Research: Taking Stock and Potential Ways Forward.” Journal on Migration and Human Security 9 (3): 125–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024211034401.

———. 2023. “The Politics of Representation and Allyship in Human Rights Policy Work.” In Messy Ethics in Human Rights Work. UBC Press.

Dahinden, Janine, and Denise Efionayi-Mäder. 2009. “Challenges and Strategies in Empirical Fieldwork with Asylum Seekers and Migrant Sex Workers.” The Ethics of Migration Research Methodology 4: 98–117.

Donà, Giorgia, and Marie Godin. 2022. “Methodological and Ethical Reflections on the Displaces Participatory Photographic Project in the ‘Calais Jungle.’” In Documenting Displacement: Questioning Methodological Boundaries in Forced Migration Research. MQUP.

Dragojlovic, Ana, and Alex Broom. 2018. Bodies and Suffering: Emotions and Relations of Care. Routledge Advances in the Medical Humanities. London ; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Durham, Meenakshi Gigi. 2018. “Resignifying Alan Kurdi: News Photographs, Memes, and the Ethics of Embodied Vulnerability.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 35 (3): 240–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2017.1408958.

Eastmond, Marita. 2007. “Stories as Lived Experience: Narratives in Forced Migration Research.” Journal of Refugee Studies 20 (2): 248–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem007.

England, Kim VL. 1994. “Getting Personal: Reflexivity, Positionality, and Feminist Research.” The Professional Geographer 46 (1): 80–89.

Espiritu, Yến Lê. 2014. Body Counts: The Vietnam War and Militarized Refugees. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.

Espiritu, Yến Lê, and Lan Duong. 2018. “Feminist Refugee Epistemology: Reading Displacement in Vietnamese and Syrian Refugee Art.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 43 (3): 587–615. https://doi.org/10.1086/695300.

Eyre, Linda. 2010. “Whose Ethics? Whose Interests?: The Tri-Council Policy and Feminist Research.” Journal of Curriculum Theorizing 26 (3). https://journal.jctonline.org/index.php/jct/article/view/263.

Faria, Caroline, and Sharlene Mollett. 2016. “Critical Feminist Reflexivity and the Politics of Whiteness in the ‘Field.’” Gender, Place & Culture 23 (1): 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2014.958065.

Felices-Luna, Maritza, and Sandra Lehalle. 2018. “Evaluating the Ethics of Artistic (Re)Presentation in Research: Moral Economy and Research Ethics Boards.” CARFMS Conference, Ottawa.

FMR. 2019. “The Ethics Issue” 61.

Gilligan, Carol. 1977. “In a Different Voice: Women’s Conceptions of Self and of Morality.” Harvard Educational Review 47 (4): 481–517. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.47.4.g6167429416hg5l0.

Grabska, Katarzyna, Marina de Regt, and Nicoletta Del Franco. 2018. Adolescent Girls’ Migration in The Global South: Transitions into Adulthood. Springer.

Guillemin, Marilys, and Lynn Gillam. 2004. “Ethics, Reflexivity, and ‘Ethically Important Moments’ in Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 10 (2): 261–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403262360.

Hammersley, Martyn, and Anna Traianou. 2014. “An Alternative Ethics? Justice and Care as Guiding Principles for Qualitative Research.” Sociological Research Online 19 (3): 104–17. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.3466.

Held, Virginia. 2006. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hobart, Hi‘ilei Julia Kawehipuaakahaopulani, and Tamara Kneese. 2020. “Radical Care.” Social Text 38 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-7971067.

Hugman, Richard, Linda Bartolomei, and Eileen Pittaway. 2011. “Human Agency and the Meaning of Informed Consent: Reflections on Research with Refugees.” Journal of Refugee Studies 24 (4): 655–71.

Hugman, Richard, Eileen Pittaway, and Linda Bartolomei. 2011. “When ‘Do No Harm’ Is Not Enough: The Ethics of Research with Refugees and Other Vulnerable Groups.” The British Journal of Social Work 41 (7): 1271–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcr013.

Hyndman, Jennifer. 2010. “Introduction: The Feminist Politics of Refugee Migration.” Gender, Place & Culture 17 (4): 453–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2010.485835.

Hyndman, Jennifer, and Wenona Giles. 2011. “Waiting for What? The Feminization of Asylum in Protracted Situations.” Gender, Place & Culture 18 (3): 361–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2011.566347.

Hyndman, Jennifer, and Wenona Mary Giles. 2017. Refugees in Extended Exile: Living on the Edge. Interventions. London New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

International Association for the Study of Forced Migration. 2018. “Adoption of IASFM Research Code of Ethics.” http://iasfm.org/blog/2018/11/30/adoption-of-iasfm-research-code-of-ethics/.

Jacobsen, Karen, and Loren B. Landau. 2003. “The Dual Imperative in Refugee Research: Some Methodological and Ethical Considerations in Social Science Research on Forced Migration.” Disasters 27 (3): 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00228.

Kahn, Leora, and Anita H Fábos. 2017. “Witnessing and Disrupting: The Ethics of Working with Testimony for Refugee Advocacy.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 9 (3): 526–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux036.

Khosravi, Shahram. 2020. “Afterword. Experiences and Stories along the Way.” Geoforum 116 (November): 292–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.05.021.

Krause, Ulrike. 2017. “Researching Forced Migration: Critical Reflections on Research Ethics during Fieldwork.” Refugee Studies Centre. Working Paper Series, no. 123.

Lammers, Ellen. 2007. “Researching Refugees: Preoccupations with Power and Questions of Giving.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 26 (3): 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi0244.

Landau, Loren B. 2012. “Communities of Knowledge or Tyrannies of Partnership: Reflections on North–South Research Networks and the Dual Imperative.” Journal of Refugee Studies 25 (4): 555–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes005.

Lawson, Victoria. 2007. “Geographies of Care and Responsibility.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00520.x.

Leaning, Jennifer. 2001. “Ethics of Research in Refugee Populations.” The Lancet 357 (9266): 1432–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04572-4.

Lenette, Caroline. 2022. Participatory Action Research: Ethics and Decolonization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lowman, John, and Ted Palys. 2001. “The Ethics and Law of Confidentiality in Criminal Justice Research: A Comparison of Canada and the United States.” International Criminal Justice Review 11 (1): 1–33.

Mackenzie, Catriona, Christopher McDowell, and Eileen Pittaway. 2007. “Beyond ‘Do No Harm’: The Challenge of Constructing Ethical Relationships in Refugee Research.” Journal of Refugee Studies 20 (2): 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem008.

Martin, Aryn, Natasha Myers, and Ana Viseu. 2015. “The Politics of Care in Technoscience.” Social Studies of Science 45 (5): 625–41.

Močnik, Nena. 2020. “Re-Thinking Exposure to Trauma and Self-Care in Fieldwork-Based Social Research: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Social Epistemology 34 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2019.1681559.

Murphy, Michelle. 2015. “Unsettling Care: Troubling Transnational Itineraries of Care in Feminist Health Practices.” Social Studies of Science 45 (5): 717–37.

Oda, Anna, Adnan Al Mhamied, Riham Al-Saadi, and Neil Arya. 2022. “Ethical Challenges of Conducting Longitudinal Community-Based Research with Refugees: Reflections from Peer Researchers.” In Documenting Displacement: Questioning Methodological Boundaries in Forced Migration Research, edited by Katarzyna Grabska and Christina R. Clark-Kazak. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Omata, Naohiko. 2019. “‘Over-Researched’ and ‘under-Researched’ Refugees,” FMR 61.

Pascucci, Elisa. 2017. “The Humanitarian Infrastructure and the Question of Over-Research: Reflections on Fieldwork in the Refugee Crises in the Middle East and North Africa.” Area 49 (2): 249–55.

Pettersen, Tove. 2011. “The Ethics of Care: Normative Structures and Empirical Implications.” Health Care Analysis 19 (1): 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-010-0163-7.

Pittaway, E, L Bartolomei, and R Hugman. 2010. “‘Stop Stealing Our Stories’: The Ethics of Research with Vulnerable Groups.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 2 (2): 229–51.

Povinelli, Elizabeth. 2012a. “After the Last Man: Images and Ethics of Becoming Otherwise,” e-Flux Journal 35.

———. 2012b. “The Will to Be Otherwise/The Effort of Endurance.” South Atlantic Quarterly 111 (3): 453–75. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1596236.

Powles, Julia. “Life History and Personal Narrative: Theoretical and Methodological Issues Relevant to Research and Evaluation in Refugee Contexts.” UNHCR working paper. http://www.unhcr.org/research/working/4147fe764/life-history-personal-narrative-theoretical-methodological-issues-relevant.html.

Ramasubramanyam, Jay. 2020. “Subcontinental Defiance to the Global Refugee Regime: Global Leadership or Regional Exceptionalism?” In Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24 (2018), edited by Hee Eun Lee, 60–79. Brill | Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004437784_005.

Ramazanoğlu, Caroline, and Janet Holland. 2002. Feminist Methodology. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209144.

Restoule, Jean-Paul, Deborah McGregor, and Rochelle Johnston. 2018. Indigenous Research: Theories, Practices, and Relationships. Toronto ; Canadian Scholars.

Saltsman, Adam, and Karen Jacobsen. 2021. “Introduction by Editors: Power in Forced Migration Research Methods.” Journal of Refugee Studies 34 (3): 2511–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab058.

Samaddar, Ranabir. 2009. “Power, Fear, Ethics.” In The Fleeing People of South Asia: Selections from Refugee Watch, Anthem Press 18–31. https://doi.org/10.7135/UPO9781843317784.005.

Sen, Gita, Aditi Iyer, and Chandan Mukherjee. 2009. “A Methodology to Analyse the Intersections of Social Inequalities in Health.” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 10 (3): 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452820903048894.

Shivakoti, Richa, and James Milner. 2021. “Beyond the Partnership Debate: Localizing Knowledge Production in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies.” Journal of Refugee Studies, July, feab083. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab083.

Steele, Jenny. 2012. “Duty of Care and Ethic of Care: Irreconcilable Difference?” In Feminist Perspectives on Tort Law. Taylor & Francis.

Stevenson, Lisa. 2014. Life beside Itself: Imagining Care in the Canadian Arctic. Oakland, California: University of California Press.

Stierl, Maurice. 2020. “Do No Harm? The Impact of Policy on Migration Scholarship.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, October, 239965442096556. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654420965567.

Thelen, Tatjana. 2015. “Care as Social Organization: Creating, Maintaining and Dissolving Significant Relations.” Anthropological Theory 15 (4): 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499615600893.

Tong, Rosemarie. 1998. “The Ethics of Care: A Feminist Virtue Ethics of Care for Healthcare Practitioners.” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 23 (2): 131–52. https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.23.2.131.8921.

Tong, Rosemarie and Philosophy Documentation Center. 1995. “Feminine and Feminist Ethics:” Social Philosophy Today 10: 183–205. https://doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday19951037.

Van Hear, Nicholas. 2012. “Forcing the Issue: Migration Crises and the Uneasy Dialogue between Refugee Research and Policy.” Journal of Refugee Studies 25 (1): 2–24.

Vincett, Joanne. 2018. “Researcher Self-Care in Organizational Ethnography: Lessons from Overcoming Compassion Fatigue.” Journal of Organizational Ethnography 7 (1): 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-09-2017-0041.

Whitley, Leila. Forthcoming. “Images of Mediterranean crossing and imaginaries of belonging.” Social Text.

Zedner, Lucia. 2016. “Citizenship Deprivation, Security and Human Rights.” European Journal of Migration and Law 18 (2): 222–42. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342100.

Downloads

Published

2023-08-31

How to Cite

Clark-Kazak, C. (2023). “Why Care Now” in Forced Migration Research? : Imagining a Radical Feminist Ethics of Care. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 22(4), 1151–1173. Retrieved from https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/2210

Issue

Section

Themed Section: Departures, Arrivals, and Encounters: Feminist Understandings of