Challenging Un-Belonging and Undesirability
How Acts of Autonomy Transform Everyday Realities of Living with Precarious Immigration Status in Toronto, Canada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i2.1932Keywords:
precarious immigration status, agency, Canada, belonging, counterpublics, narrative redfinitionAbstract
Increasing processing times for immigration applications, increasing numbers of people admitted on temporary visas, and delays processing refugee claims mean that more newcomers spend longer periods of time living in Canada with precarious immigration status. This paper uses qualitative research to examine how people with precarious immigration status exercise agency in the face of restrictions to their rights and risk of deportability, as well as the extent to which agency is able to transform people’s everyday realities. The research shows that regimes of immigration control construct people with precarious immigration status as un-belonging and undesirable as members of Canadian society. The research identifies two ways that research participants exert autonomy over their lives: persistent presence and critiquing their construction as un-belonging and undesirable. Both forms of agency involve the creation of counterpublics to build networks for practical support and recognition of the legitimacy of their presence in Canada. While agency made it easier for participants to sustain themselves, the research shows that participants internalized discourses hostile to people with precarious immigration status, suggesting that agency is both necessary but also limited in its capacity to mitigate the harm caused by the construction of them as un-belonging and undesirable.
References
Alboim, Naomi. 2009. “Adjusting the Balance: Fixing Canada’s Economic Immigration Policies.” Toronto: Maytree Foundation. http://maytree.com/policy-and-insights/publications/adjusting-the-balance-fixing-canadas-economic-immigration-policies.html.
Allon, Fiona. 2013. “Litter and Monuments: Rights to the City in Berlin and Sydney.” Space and Culture 16 (3): 252–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331213487153.
Anderson, Bridget, Matthew J. Gibney, and Emanuela Paoletti. 2011. “Citizenship, Deportation and the Boundaries of Belonging.” Citizenship Studies 15 (5): 547–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2011.583787.
Anderson, Bridget, Nandita Sharma, and Cynthia Wright. 2009. “Editorial: Why No Borders?” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 26 (2): 5–18.
Atak, Idil. 2018. “Safe Country of Origin: Constructing the Irregularity of Asylum Seekers in Canada.” International Migration 56 (6): 176–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12450.
Atak, Idil, Graham Hudson, and Delphine Nakache. 2017. “Making Canada’s Refugee System Faster and Fairer: Reviewing the Stated Goals and Unintended Consequences of the 2012 Reform.” 2017/3. CARFMS/ACERMF Working Paper. CARFMS/ACERMF.
Bauder, Harald. 2015. “Possibilities of Urban Belonging.” Antipode 48 (2): 252–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12174.
Bernhard, Judith K., and Julie E. Young. 2009. “Gaining Institutional Permission: Researching Precarious Legal Status in Canada.” Journal of Academic Ethics 7 (3): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1007/s10805-009-9097-9.
Butler, Judith. 2004. Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. 2007. Who Sings the Nation-State? London: Seagull Books. https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo8561459.html.
Campbell, Ruth M., A. G. Klei, Brian D. Hodges, David Fisman, and Simon Kitto. 2014. “A Comparison of Health Access between Permanent Residents, Undocumented Immigrants and Refugee Claimants in Toronto, Canada.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16 (1): 165–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9740-1.
Canadian Council for Refugees. 2016. “We Need Express Entry Family Reunification.” 2016. https://ccrweb.ca/en/express-entry-family-reunification.
Caraccioli, Mauro J., and Bryan Wright. 2015. “Narratives of Resistance: Space, Place, and Identity in Latino Migrant Activism.” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 14 (2): 504–11.
Carens, Joseph H. 2005. “On Belonging: What We Owe People Who Stay.” Boston Review, June 1, 2005. http://bostonreview.net/carens-on-belonging.
Carens, Joseph H. 2008. “The Rights of Irregular Migrants.” Ethics & International Affairs 22 (2): 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2008.00141.x.
Carens, Joseph H. 2010. Immigrants and the Right to Stay. Boston Review Book. MIT Press.
Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2010. “Confined within: National Territories as Zones of Confinement.” Political Geography 29 (4): 200–208.
Crawley, Heaven, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2018. “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis.’” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (1): 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224.
De Genova, Nicholas. 2002. “Migrant ‘Illegality’ and Deportability in Everyday Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 419–47.
———. 2009. “Conflicts of Mobility, and the Mobility of Conflict: Rightlessness, Presence, Subjectivity, Freedom.” Subjectivity 29 (1): 445–66. https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.22.
Düvell, Franck, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Bastian Vollmer. 2010. “Ethical Issues in Irregular Migration Research in Europe.” Population, Space and Place 16 (3): 227–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.590.
Fraser, Nancy. 1990. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text, no. 25/26: 56–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/466240.
Fuller, Sylvia, and Leah F. Vosko. 2007. “Temporary Employment and Social Inequality in Canada: Exploring Intersections of Gender, Race and Immigration Status.” Social Indicators Research 88 (1): 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9201-8.
Goldring, Luin, and Patricia Landolt, eds. 2013. Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Hari, Amrita. 2014. “Temporariness, Rights, and Citizenship: The Latest Chapter in Canada’s Exclusionary Migration and Refugee History.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 30 (2). http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/view/39617.
Hennebry, Jenna. 2012. “Permanently Temporary? Agricultural Migrant Workers and Their Integration in Canada.” 26. Montreal: IRPP.
Hudson, Graham, Idil Atak, Michele Manocchi, and Charity-Ann Hannan. 2017. “(No) Access T.O.: A Pilot Study on Sanctuary City Policy in Toronto, Canada.” RCIS Working Paper 2017/1. Toronto: Ryerson University. https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/rcis/documents/RCIS%20Working%20Paper
%202017_1GHudsonFinal%20.pdf.
Huot, Suzanne, Andrea Bobadilla, Antoine Bailliard, and Debbie Laliberte Rudman. 2016. “Constructing Undesirables: A Critical Discourse Analysis of ‘Othering’ within the Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act.” International Migration 54 (2): 131–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12210.
Isin, Engin F, and Greg Marc Nielsen, eds. 2008. Acts of Citizenship. London: Zed Books Ltd.
Jones, Reece. 2012. “Spaces of Refusal: Rethinking Sovereign Power and Resistance at the Border.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (3): 685–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.600193.
Korteweg, Anna C. 2017. “The Failures of ‘Immigrant Integration’: The Gendered Racialized Production of Non-Belonging.” Migration Studies 5 (3): 428–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx025.
Koser, Khalid. 2000. “Asylum Policies, Trafficking and Vulnerability.” International Migration 38 (3): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00116.
Kyriakides, Christopher, Lubna Bajjali, Arthur McLuhan, and Karen Anderson. 2018. “Beyond Refuge: Contested Orientalism and Persons of Self-Rescue.” Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal. June 22, 2018. https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A554181886/LitRC?sid=lms.
Macklin, Audrey. 2005. “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-Us Safe Third Country Agreement.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 871226. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=871226.
———. 2014. “Unsettling Canada: The End of Immigration as Nation Building?” presented at the Margaret Laurence Lecture, Peterborough, ON, February 6.
McLaughlin, Janet, and Jenna Hennebry. 2013. “Pathways to Precarity: Structural Vulnerabilities and Lived Consequences for Migrant Farmworkers in Canada.” In Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada, edited by Luin Goldring and Patricia Landolt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Mezzadra, Sandro, and Brett Neilson. 2013. Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor. Durham: Duke University Press.
Moffette, David, and Karl Gardner. 2015. “Often Asking, Always Telling: The Toronto Police Service and the Sanctuary City Policy.” Toronto: No One Is Illegal - Toronto. http://rabble.ca/sites/rabble/files/often_asking_always_telling_-_kedits_dec_1.pdf.
Mountz, Alison. 2010. Seeking Asylum: Human Smuggling and Bureaucracy at the Border. University of Minnesota Press.
Nyers, Peter, and Kim Rygiel, eds. 2012. Citizenship, Migrant Activism and the Politics of Movement. London; New York: Routledge.
Omidvar, Ratna, and Ted Richmond. 2003. “Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada.” Perspectives on Social Inclusion. Toronto: The Laidlaw Foundation.
Perez-Doherty, Isabel. 2015. “Audit Report Access T.O. Initiative.” Audit Report. Toronto: FCJ Refugee Centre.
Pratt, Geraldine. 2004. Working Feminism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
———. 2012. Families Apart: Migrant Mothers and the Conflicts of Labor and Love. University of Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/families-apart.
Rodríguez, Néstor. 1996. “The Battle for the Border: Notes on Autonomous Migration, Transnational Communities, and the State.” Social Justice 23 (3 (65)): 21–37.
Sawyer, Caroline, and Philip Turpin. 2005. “Neither Here Nor There: Temporary Admission to the UK.” International Journal of Refugee Law 17 (4): 688–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eei040.
Scheel, Stephan. 2018. “Real Fake? Appropriating Mobility via Schengen Visa in the Context of Biometric Border Controls.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (16): 2747–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1401513.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale ISPS Series. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sigvardsdotter, Erika. 2013. “Presenting Absent Bodies: Undocumented Persons Coping and Resisting in Sweden.” Cultural Geographies 20 (4): 523–39.
Simich, Laura. 2006. “Hidden Meanings of Health Security: Migration Experiences and Systemic Barriers to Mental Well-Being among Non-Status Migrants in Canada.” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 2 (3/4): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479894200600024.
Simich, Laura, Fei Wu, and Sonja Nerad. 2007. “Status and Health Security: An Exploratory Study of Irregular Immigrants in Toronto.” Canadian Journal of Public Health; Ottawa 98 (5): 369–73.
Simmons, Alan B. 2010. Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.
Smith, Kate. 2015. “Stories Told By, For, and About Women Refugees: Engendering Resistance.” ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 14 (2): 461–69.
Sparke, Matthew. 2008. “Political Geography — Political Geographies of Globalization III: Resistance.” Progress in Human Geography 32 (3): 423–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507086878.
Stuesse, Angela, and Mathew Coleman. 2014. “Automobility, Immobility, Altermobility: Surviving and Resisting the Intensification of Immigrant Policing.” City & Society 26 (1): 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12034.
Sziarto, Kristin M., and Helga Leitner. 2010. “Immigrants Riding for Justice: Space-Time and Emotions in the Construction of a Counterpublic.” Political Geography 29 (7): 381–91.
Turton, David. 2003. “Refugees, Forced Resettlers and ‘Other Forced Migrants’: Towards a Unitary Study of Forced Migration.” 94. Geneva: UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/research/working/3f818a4d4/refugees-forced-resettlers-other-forced-migrants-towards-unitary-study.html.
Varsanyi, Monica W. 2006. “Interrogating ‘Urban Citizenship’ Vis-à-Vis Undocumented Migration.” Citizenship Studies 10 (2): 229–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600633168.
Villegas, Francisco. 2013. “Getting to ‘Don’t Ask Don’t Tell’ at the Toronto District School Board: Mapping the Competing Discourses of Rights and Membership.” In Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada, edited by Luin Goldring and Patricia Landolt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Villegas, Paloma. 2014. “‘I Can’t Even Buy a Bed Because I Don’t Know If I’ll Have to Leave Tomorrow’: Temporal Orientations among Mexican Precarious Status Migrants in Toronto.” Citizenship Studies 18 (3–4): 277–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905269.
Wong, Kent, Janna Shadduck-Hernández, Fabiola Inzunza, Julie Monroe, Victor Narro, and Abel Valenzuela, eds. 2012. Undocumented and Unafraid: Tam Tran, Cinthya Felix, and the Undocumented Student Movement. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education.
Wright, Cynthia. 2003. “Moments of Emergence: Organizing by and with Undocumented and Non-Citizen People in Canada after September 11.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 21 (3).
Allon, Fiona. 2013. “Litter and Monuments: Rights to the City in Berlin and Sydney.” Space and Culture 16 (3): 252–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331213487153.
Anderson, Bridget, Matthew J. Gibney, and Emanuela Paoletti. 2011. “Citizenship, Deportation and the Boundaries of Belonging.” Citizenship Studies 15 (5): 547–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2011.583787.
Anderson, Bridget, Nandita Sharma, and Cynthia Wright. 2009. “Editorial: Why No Borders?” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 26 (2): 5–18.
Atak, Idil. 2018. “Safe Country of Origin: Constructing the Irregularity of Asylum Seekers in Canada.” International Migration 56 (6): 176–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12450.
Atak, Idil, Graham Hudson, and Delphine Nakache. 2017. “Making Canada’s Refugee System Faster and Fairer: Reviewing the Stated Goals and Unintended Consequences of the 2012 Reform.” 2017/3. CARFMS/ACERMF Working Paper. CARFMS/ACERMF.
Bauder, Harald. 2015. “Possibilities of Urban Belonging.” Antipode 48 (2): 252–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12174.
Bernhard, Judith K., and Julie E. Young. 2009. “Gaining Institutional Permission: Researching Precarious Legal Status in Canada.” Journal of Academic Ethics 7 (3): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1007/s10805-009-9097-9.
Butler, Judith. 2004. Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge.
Butler, Judith, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. 2007. Who Sings the Nation-State? London: Seagull Books. https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo8561459.html.
Campbell, Ruth M., A. G. Klei, Brian D. Hodges, David Fisman, and Simon Kitto. 2014. “A Comparison of Health Access between Permanent Residents, Undocumented Immigrants and Refugee Claimants in Toronto, Canada.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16 (1): 165–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9740-1.
Canadian Council for Refugees. 2016. “We Need Express Entry Family Reunification.” 2016. https://ccrweb.ca/en/express-entry-family-reunification.
Caraccioli, Mauro J., and Bryan Wright. 2015. “Narratives of Resistance: Space, Place, and Identity in Latino Migrant Activism.” ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies 14 (2): 504–11.
Carens, Joseph H. 2005. “On Belonging: What We Owe People Who Stay.” Boston Review, June 1, 2005. http://bostonreview.net/carens-on-belonging.
Carens, Joseph H. 2008. “The Rights of Irregular Migrants.” Ethics & International Affairs 22 (2): 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2008.00141.x.
Carens, Joseph H. 2010. Immigrants and the Right to Stay. Boston Review Book. MIT Press.
Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2010. “Confined within: National Territories as Zones of Confinement.” Political Geography 29 (4): 200–208.
Crawley, Heaven, and Dimitris Skleparis. 2018. “Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘Migration Crisis.’” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (1): 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1348224.
De Genova, Nicholas. 2002. “Migrant ‘Illegality’ and Deportability in Everyday Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 419–47.
———. 2009. “Conflicts of Mobility, and the Mobility of Conflict: Rightlessness, Presence, Subjectivity, Freedom.” Subjectivity 29 (1): 445–66. https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.22.
Düvell, Franck, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Bastian Vollmer. 2010. “Ethical Issues in Irregular Migration Research in Europe.” Population, Space and Place 16 (3): 227–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.590.
Fraser, Nancy. 1990. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text, no. 25/26: 56–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/466240.
Fuller, Sylvia, and Leah F. Vosko. 2007. “Temporary Employment and Social Inequality in Canada: Exploring Intersections of Gender, Race and Immigration Status.” Social Indicators Research 88 (1): 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9201-8.
Goldring, Luin, and Patricia Landolt, eds. 2013. Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Hari, Amrita. 2014. “Temporariness, Rights, and Citizenship: The Latest Chapter in Canada’s Exclusionary Migration and Refugee History.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 30 (2). http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/view/39617.
Hennebry, Jenna. 2012. “Permanently Temporary? Agricultural Migrant Workers and Their Integration in Canada.” 26. Montreal: IRPP.
Hudson, Graham, Idil Atak, Michele Manocchi, and Charity-Ann Hannan. 2017. “(No) Access T.O.: A Pilot Study on Sanctuary City Policy in Toronto, Canada.” RCIS Working Paper 2017/1. Toronto: Ryerson University. https://www.ryerson.ca/content/dam/rcis/documents/RCIS%20Working%20Paper
%202017_1GHudsonFinal%20.pdf.
Huot, Suzanne, Andrea Bobadilla, Antoine Bailliard, and Debbie Laliberte Rudman. 2016. “Constructing Undesirables: A Critical Discourse Analysis of ‘Othering’ within the Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act.” International Migration 54 (2): 131–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12210.
Isin, Engin F, and Greg Marc Nielsen, eds. 2008. Acts of Citizenship. London: Zed Books Ltd.
Jones, Reece. 2012. “Spaces of Refusal: Rethinking Sovereign Power and Resistance at the Border.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (3): 685–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2011.600193.
Korteweg, Anna C. 2017. “The Failures of ‘Immigrant Integration’: The Gendered Racialized Production of Non-Belonging.” Migration Studies 5 (3): 428–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx025.
Koser, Khalid. 2000. “Asylum Policies, Trafficking and Vulnerability.” International Migration 38 (3): 91–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00116.
Kyriakides, Christopher, Lubna Bajjali, Arthur McLuhan, and Karen Anderson. 2018. “Beyond Refuge: Contested Orientalism and Persons of Self-Rescue.” Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal. June 22, 2018. https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A554181886/LitRC?sid=lms.
Macklin, Audrey. 2005. “Disappearing Refugees: Reflections on the Canada-Us Safe Third Country Agreement.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 871226. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=871226.
———. 2014. “Unsettling Canada: The End of Immigration as Nation Building?” presented at the Margaret Laurence Lecture, Peterborough, ON, February 6.
McLaughlin, Janet, and Jenna Hennebry. 2013. “Pathways to Precarity: Structural Vulnerabilities and Lived Consequences for Migrant Farmworkers in Canada.” In Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada, edited by Luin Goldring and Patricia Landolt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Mezzadra, Sandro, and Brett Neilson. 2013. Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor. Durham: Duke University Press.
Moffette, David, and Karl Gardner. 2015. “Often Asking, Always Telling: The Toronto Police Service and the Sanctuary City Policy.” Toronto: No One Is Illegal - Toronto. http://rabble.ca/sites/rabble/files/often_asking_always_telling_-_kedits_dec_1.pdf.
Mountz, Alison. 2010. Seeking Asylum: Human Smuggling and Bureaucracy at the Border. University of Minnesota Press.
Nyers, Peter, and Kim Rygiel, eds. 2012. Citizenship, Migrant Activism and the Politics of Movement. London; New York: Routledge.
Omidvar, Ratna, and Ted Richmond. 2003. “Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada.” Perspectives on Social Inclusion. Toronto: The Laidlaw Foundation.
Perez-Doherty, Isabel. 2015. “Audit Report Access T.O. Initiative.” Audit Report. Toronto: FCJ Refugee Centre.
Pratt, Geraldine. 2004. Working Feminism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
———. 2012. Families Apart: Migrant Mothers and the Conflicts of Labor and Love. University of Minnesota Press. https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/families-apart.
Rodríguez, Néstor. 1996. “The Battle for the Border: Notes on Autonomous Migration, Transnational Communities, and the State.” Social Justice 23 (3 (65)): 21–37.
Sawyer, Caroline, and Philip Turpin. 2005. “Neither Here Nor There: Temporary Admission to the UK.” International Journal of Refugee Law 17 (4): 688–728. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eei040.
Scheel, Stephan. 2018. “Real Fake? Appropriating Mobility via Schengen Visa in the Context of Biometric Border Controls.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44 (16): 2747–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1401513.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale ISPS Series. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Sigvardsdotter, Erika. 2013. “Presenting Absent Bodies: Undocumented Persons Coping and Resisting in Sweden.” Cultural Geographies 20 (4): 523–39.
Simich, Laura. 2006. “Hidden Meanings of Health Security: Migration Experiences and Systemic Barriers to Mental Well-Being among Non-Status Migrants in Canada.” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 2 (3/4): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/17479894200600024.
Simich, Laura, Fei Wu, and Sonja Nerad. 2007. “Status and Health Security: An Exploratory Study of Irregular Immigrants in Toronto.” Canadian Journal of Public Health; Ottawa 98 (5): 369–73.
Simmons, Alan B. 2010. Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.
Smith, Kate. 2015. “Stories Told By, For, and About Women Refugees: Engendering Resistance.” ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 14 (2): 461–69.
Sparke, Matthew. 2008. “Political Geography — Political Geographies of Globalization III: Resistance.” Progress in Human Geography 32 (3): 423–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507086878.
Stuesse, Angela, and Mathew Coleman. 2014. “Automobility, Immobility, Altermobility: Surviving and Resisting the Intensification of Immigrant Policing.” City & Society 26 (1): 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12034.
Sziarto, Kristin M., and Helga Leitner. 2010. “Immigrants Riding for Justice: Space-Time and Emotions in the Construction of a Counterpublic.” Political Geography 29 (7): 381–91.
Turton, David. 2003. “Refugees, Forced Resettlers and ‘Other Forced Migrants’: Towards a Unitary Study of Forced Migration.” 94. Geneva: UNHCR. http://www.unhcr.org/research/working/3f818a4d4/refugees-forced-resettlers-other-forced-migrants-towards-unitary-study.html.
Varsanyi, Monica W. 2006. “Interrogating ‘Urban Citizenship’ Vis-à-Vis Undocumented Migration.” Citizenship Studies 10 (2): 229–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600633168.
Villegas, Francisco. 2013. “Getting to ‘Don’t Ask Don’t Tell’ at the Toronto District School Board: Mapping the Competing Discourses of Rights and Membership.” In Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada, edited by Luin Goldring and Patricia Landolt. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Villegas, Paloma. 2014. “‘I Can’t Even Buy a Bed Because I Don’t Know If I’ll Have to Leave Tomorrow’: Temporal Orientations among Mexican Precarious Status Migrants in Toronto.” Citizenship Studies 18 (3–4): 277–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2014.905269.
Wong, Kent, Janna Shadduck-Hernández, Fabiola Inzunza, Julie Monroe, Victor Narro, and Abel Valenzuela, eds. 2012. Undocumented and Unafraid: Tam Tran, Cinthya Felix, and the Undocumented Student Movement. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education.
Wright, Cynthia. 2003. “Moments of Emergence: Organizing by and with Undocumented and Non-Citizen People in Canada after September 11.” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 21 (3).
Downloads
Published
2020-09-24
How to Cite
Dennler, K. T. (2020). Challenging Un-Belonging and Undesirability: How Acts of Autonomy Transform Everyday Realities of Living with Precarious Immigration Status in Toronto, Canada. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 19(2), 501–518. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i2.1932
Issue
Section
Research
License
Authors agree to publish their articles in ACME under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
