The Neoliberal Tourist
Affect, Policy and Economy in the Canadian North
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v20i1.1890Keywords:
Neoliberalism, Canadian Arctic, Stephen Harper, affective economy, tourismAbstract
Throughout his tenure as Prime Minster of Canada (2006-2015), Stephen Harper had a particular fascination with the Canadian North, illustrated in part by his annual tours of the Canadian Arctic and Subarctic region. Using these tours as a case study, this paper argues that state discourses of sovereignty, resource development, and climate change are intertwined with the simultaneous production of a tourist landscape. This tourist landscape is established in part through the circulation of affect within state discourses, like those engaged by Harper on his northern tours. The affective economies of tourism in the Canadian Arctic are heavily intertwined with both market-focused policy objectives and the moral imperative established by climate change. The result is a discourse of northern Canada that puts it within the purview of southern Canada. In particular, the affective, economic, and ecological dynamics in northern Canada produce an image of the North as both a playground for southern desires and a place in danger that is in need of saving. This moral economy in the North proposes market-based solutions and ethics for both economic and environmental problems.
References
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Duffy, Rosaleen. 2015. Nature-Based Tourism and Neoliberalism: Concealing Contradictions. Tourism Geographies 17 (4): 529–543.
Duffy, Rosaleen, and Lorraine Moore. 2010. Neoliberalising Nature? Elephant-Back Tourism in Thailand and Botswana. Antipode 42 (3): 742–766.
Erickson, Bruce. 2011. Recreational Activism: Politics, Nature, and the Rise of Neoliberalism. Leisure Studies 30 (4): 477–94.
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Farish, Matthew, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer. 2009. High modernism in the Arctic: planning Frobisher Bay and Inuvik. Journal of Historical Geography 35(3): 517-544.
Fletcher, Robert. 2012. Using the Master’s Tools? Neoliberal Conservation and the Evasion of Inequality. Development and Change 43 (1): 295–317.
———. 2015. Nature Is a Nice Place to Save but I Wouldn’t Want to Live There: Environmental Education and the Ecotourist Gaze. Environmental Education Research 21 (3): 338–350.
———. 2019. Ecotourism after Nature: Anthropocene Tourism as a New Capitalist ‘Fix.’ Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27 (4): 522–535.
Fletcher, Robert, Wolfram Dressler, and Bram Büscher. 2015. “NatureTM Inc.: Nature as Neoliberal Capitalist Imaginary.” In The International Handbook of Political Ecology, Robert Bryant (Ed). Edward Elgar: Northhampton, MA, pp. 359-372.
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Foucault, Michel. 2008. The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège du France, 1978-79. Translated by Graham Buchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Hulan, Renée. 2002. Northern Experience and the Myths of Canadian Culture. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP: Montreal.
Hulan, Renée. 2018. Climate Change and Writing the Canadian Arctic. Palgrave Pivot.
Heynen, Nik, and Paul Robbins. 2005. The Neoliberalization of Nature: Governance, Privatization, Enclosure and Valuation. Capitalism Nature Socialism 16 (1): 5–8.
Igoe, Jim. 2013. Nature on the Move II: Contemplation Becomes Speculation. New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry 6 (1–2): 37–49.
———. 2017. The Nature of Spectacle: On Images, Money, and Conserving Capitalism. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Keeling, Arn, and Sandlos, John. 2009. Environmental Justice Goes Underground? Historical Notes from Canada's Northern Mining Frontier. Environmental Justice, 2(3): 117-125.
Klein, Naomi. 2015. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Keul, Adam. 2014. Tourism Neoliberalism and the Swamp as Enterprise. Area 46 (3): 235–241.
Kulchyski, Peter, and Warren Bernauer. 2014. Modern Treaties, Extraction, and Imperialism in Canada’s Indigenous North: Two Case Studies. Studies in Political Economy 93(1): 3-24.
Larner, Wendy. 2003. Neoliberalism? Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 21, 509-512.
Leacock, Stephen. (1936) 2004. I’ll Stay in Canada. In On the Front Line of Life. Leacock, Stephen, and Alan Bowker, 175-179. Dundurn Press, 2004.
Marcus, Alan. 1995. Relocating Eden: The Image and Politics of Inuit Exile in the Canadian Arctic. Hanover: University Press of New England.
McCarthy, James, and Scott Prudham. 2004. Neoliberal Nature and the Nature of Neoliberalism. Geoforum 35 (3): 275–283.
Medalye, Jacqueline, and Ryan Foster. 2012. Climate Change and the Capitalist State in the Canadian Arctic: Interrogating Canada’s “Northern Strategy”. Studies in Political Economy 90 (1): 87-114.
Melamed, Jodi. 2015. Racial Capitalism. Critical Ethnic Studies 1 (1): 76–85.
Mendoza, Marcos. 2018. The Patagonian Sublime: The Green Economy and Post-Neoliberal Politics. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. 2009. Canada’s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
Mirowski, Philip. 2013. Never let a serious crisis go to waste: How neoliberalism survived the financial meltdown. New York: Verso Books.
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE). 2009. True North: Adapting Infrastructure to Climate Change in Northern Canada. Ottawa: NRTEE
Ojeda, Diana. 2012. Green Pretexts: Ecotourism, Neoliberal Conservation and Land Grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia. The Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (2): 357–75.
Page, Robert. 1986. Northern Development: The Canadian Dilemma. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
Peck, Jamie. 2001. Neoliberalizing States: Thin Policies/Hard Outcomes. Progress in human geography 25(3): 445-455.
Peck, Jamie. 2010. Zombie Neoliberalism and the Ambidextrous State. Theoretical Criminology 14(1): 104-110.
Penashue, Tshaukuesh Elizabeth. 2019. Nitinikiau Innusi: I Keep the Land Alive. Edited by Elizabeth Yeoman. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
Piper, Liza, and John Sandlos. 2007. A Broken Frontier: Ecological Imperialism in the Canadian North. Environmental History 12(4): 759-795.
Pringle, Heather. 2019. In 1845 explorers sought the Northwest Passage-Then vanished. National Geographic, September. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/2019/08/sir-john-franklin-searched-for-northwest-passage-then-vanished-feature/
Prudham, Scott. 2009. Pimping Climate Change: Richard Branson, Global Warming, and the Performance of Green Capitalism. Environment and planning A 41(7): 1594-1613.
Pulido, Laura. 2017. Geographies of Race and Ethnicity II: Environmental Racism, Racial Capitalism and State-Sanctioned Violence. Progress in Human Geography 41 (4): 524–533.
Qikiqtani Inuit Association. 2013. Nuutauniq: Moves in Inuit Life. Iqaluit, Nunavut: Inhabit Media.
Robertson, Morgan M. 2004. “The Neoliberalization of Ecosystem Services: Wetland Mitigation Banking and Problems in Environmental Governance.” Geoforum 35 (3): 361–373.
Robinson, Cedric. 1983. Black Marxism: The Making of a Black Radical Tradition. London: Zed Press.
Rose, Nikolas. 1996. The Death of the Social? Re-figuring the Territory of Government. International Journal of Human Resource Management 25(3): 327-356.
Salkin, Allen. 2007. Before it Disappears. New York Times, Dec 16. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/16/fashion/16disappear.html
Senate of Canada. 1888. Report of the Select Committee of the Senate into the Resources of the Great Mackenzie Basin. Ottawa: Brown Chamberlin.
Seton, Ernest Thompson. 1911. The Arctic Prairies: A Canoe-journey of 2,000 Miles in Search of the Caribou; Being the Account of a Voyage to the Region North of Aylmer Lake. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
Sheller, Mimi and John Urry. 2004. Place to Play, Places in Play. In Mimi Sheller & John Urry (eds), Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play. New York: Routledge, pp. 1-10.
Simon, Mary. 2007. Sovereignty From the North. The Walrus. Accessed at https://thewalrus.ca/sovereignty-from-the-north/
Simon, Mary. 2012. How do Canada and Inuit get to Win-Win in the Arctic. Policy Options. Accessed at https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/policy-challenges-for-2020/how-do-canada-and-inuit-get-to-win-win-in-the-arctic/
Sullivan, Sian. 2013. Banking Nature? The Spectacular Financialisation of Environmental Conservation. Antipode 45 (1): 198–217.
Tester, Frank and Kulchyski, Peter. 1994. Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63. Vancouver: UBC Press.
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2020-12-14
How to Cite
Erickson, B. (2020). The Neoliberal Tourist: Affect, Policy and Economy in the Canadian North. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 20(1), 58–80. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v20i1.1890
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