Corporate Cosmopolitanism
Making an Asset of Diversity and Mobility at Swiss International Schools
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1882Keywords:
Corporate Cosmopolitanism, International Education, Enclave, Mobility, Diversity, SwitzerlandAbstract
This article explores the subjective spatial relations that international schools in Switzerland seek to produce within the cosmopolitan enclaves they form. Based on ethnographic fieldwork at 21 international schools in Switzerland, we scrutinize practices related to diversity and mobility, which international schools construe as the main vehicles leading to the desired attributes of cosmopolitanism and which have historically constituted the defining pillars of international education. The article critically analyses the ambiguities of this emerging denationalised model that claims to foster a cosmopolitan worldview in students by drawing on the ideal of the richness of diversified societies while simultaneously restricting the benefits of “cosmopolitan capital” to members of the transnational upper classes. By tracking the underlying epistemology and the embodiment of diversity and mobility, we are able to trace a continuity between international schools and transnational corporations—the model with which the schools resonate. Our study thus supplements analyses of cosmopolitan capital by focusing on how a flexible, corporate-inspired conception of cosmopolitanism is instilled from the earliest stages of education, thus shedding light on a paradoxical interplay of cosmopolitanism and space, wherein the praised capacity of international students to adapt to various settings goes hand in hand with their relative isolation from the local environment and its potential frictions.
References
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Bowles, Sam and Herb Gintis. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America. New York: Basic Books.
Bräutigam, Deborah and Tang Xiaoyang. 2011. African Shenzhen: China's special economic zones in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49(1): 27-54.
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Bunnell, Tristan, Michael Fertig, and James Chris. 2016. What is International about International Schools? An Institutional Legitimacy Perspective. Oxford Review of Education 42 (4): 408–423.
Calhoun, Craig. 2003. ‘Belonging’ in the cosmopolitan imaginary. Ethnicities 3(4): 531-553.
Coulon, Anaïs, Dorothée Prud'Homme & Patrick Simon. 2018. Le racisme et la discrimination raciale au travail. Association française des managers de la diversité (AFMD).
D’Andrea, Anthony and Breda Gray. 2013. The Work and Life of Corporate Expatriates: New Patterns and Regimes of Mobility in the Knowledge Economy. International Review of Social Research 3 (1): 87–107.
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Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Jan Pieter van Oudenhoven. 2009. The Effect of Multilingualism/Multiculturalism on Personality: No Gain Without Pain for Third Culture Kids? International Journal of Multilingualism 6 (4): 443–459.
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Dugonjić, Leonora S. 2014. ‘A Miniature League of Nations’: inquiry into the Social Origins of the International School, 1924–1930. Paedagogica Historica 50 (1–2): 138–150.
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Friedman, Jonathan. 2018. A note on populism and global systemic crisis. Economic Anthropology 5(1): 135-137.
Friedman, Jonathan Z. 2018. The global citizenship agenda and the generation of cosmopolitan capital in British higher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 39(4): 436-450.
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Gersohn, Ilana. 2011. Neoliberal Agency. Current Anthropology 52 (4): 537–555.
Gershon, Ilana. 2017. Down and Out in the New Economy: How People Find (or Don’t find) Work Today. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ghemawat, Pankaj. 2011. The Cosmopolitan Corporation. Harvard Business Review 89 (5): 92–99.
Glick-Schiller N, Tsypylma Darieva and Sandra Gruner-Domic. 2011. Defining cosmopolitan sociability in a transnational age. An introduction. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(3): 399-418.
Glick Schiller, Nina, and Noel B Salazar. 2013. Regimes of Mobility across the Globe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (2): 183–200.
Goldberg, David T. 2006. Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29(2): 331–364.
Halsall, Robert. 2009. The Discourse of Corporate Cosmopolitanism. British Journal of Management 20(1): 136–148.
Hannerz, Ulf. 1990. Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture. Theory, Culture & Society 7(2–3): 237–251.
Hayden, Mary. 2011. Transnational Spaces of Education: The Growth of the International School Sector. Globalisation. Societies and Education 9(2): 211–224.
Heyward, Mark. 2002. From International to Intercultural: Redefining the International School for a Globalized World. Journal of Research in International Education 1 (1): 9–32.
Ho, Karen. 2009. Liquidated: an ethnography of Wall Street. Duke University Press.
Igarashi, Hiroki and Saito Hiro. 2014. Cosmopolitanism as Cultural Capital: Exploring the Intersection of Globalization, Education and Stratification. Cultural Sociology 8 (3): 222–239.
Jeffrey Craig and Colin McFarlane. 2008. Performing cosmopolitanism. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 26(3): 420-427
Kaufmann Vincent, Mamfred M Bergman and Dominique Joye. 2004. Motility: Mobility as Capital. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 28(4): 745–756.
Lavanchy, Anne. 2014. How does “race” matter in Switzerland? MAPS Working Papers Series 7. Université de Neuchâtel.
Mach, André, Thomas David and Felix Bühlmann. 2011. La fragilité des liens nationaux. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 190(5): 78-107.
Mach, André, Thomas David, Stéphanie Ginalski and Felix. 2016. Les élites économiques suisses au XXe siècle. Neuchâtel: Alphil Presses Universitaires Suisses.
Mahnig, Hans and Sandro Cattacin. 2005. Histoire de la politique de migration, d’asile et d’intégration en Suisse depuis 1948. Zürich: Seismo
Mitchell, Katharyne. 2006. Neoliberal governmentality in the European Union: education, training, and technologies of citizenship. Environment and planning D: society and space 24(3): 389-407.
Murray, Martin J. 2017. The Urbanism of Exception: The Dynamics of Global City Building in The Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oester, Kathrin, Boris Boller, and Elke-Niole Kappus. 2007. Editorial: Schulen in Transnationalen Lebenswelten. Forderungen für Forschung und Lehre. Revue suisse des sciences de l’éducation 29(3): 325–344.
Ossipow, Laurence, Anne-Laure Counilh & Milena Chimienti. 2019. Racialization in Switzerland: experiences of children of refugees from Kurdish, Tamil and Vietnamese backgrounds. Comparative Migration Studies 7(1): 19.
Resnik, Julia. 2008 The denationalization of education and the expansion of the International Baccalaureate. Comparative Education Review 56(2): 248-269.
Rey, Jeanne, Matthieu Bolay and Elisabeth Schubiger. 2019. Généalogie de l’‘élève cosmopolite et marchandisation de l’‘international’ dans des établissements scolaires privés en Suisse. In, J. Hangartner, M. Jäger, M. Kuhn, A. Sieber Egger, & G. Unterweger (eds.), Kindheit(en) in formalen, nonformalen und informellen Bildungskontexten. Ethnografische Beiträge aus der Schweiz. Wiesbaden: Springer. pp. 259-278.
Salacuse, Jeswald W. 1999. Intercultural Negotiation in International Business. Group Decision and Negotiation 8 (3): 217–236.
Schubiger, Elisabeth, Jeanne Rey and Matthieu Bolay. 2019. Fostering the next generation of "responsible world leaders". Tsantsa 24: 121-126.
Shamir, Ronen. 2005. Without Borders? Notes on Globalization as a Mobility Regime. Sociological Theory 23 (2): 197–217.
Sheller, Mimi. 2011. Cosmopolitanism and mobilities. In, Maria Rovisco and Magdalena Nowicka (eds), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 349-365.
Sidaway, James D. 2007. Enclave space: a new metageography of development?. Area 39(3), 331-339.
Sleeter, Catherine. 2008. Preparing White teachers for diverse students. In, Cocharan-Smith, Marylin, Sharon Feiman-Nemser, John D. McIntyre and Kelly E. Demers (eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education: Enduring questions in changing contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum Associates, pp. 175-202.
Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M, Tasha Darbes, Sandra Isabel Dias and Matt Sutin. 2011.Migrations and Schooling. Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 311–328.
Sylvester, Robert. 1998. Through the Lens of Diversity. In: Hayden M and Thompson J (eds), International Education: Principles and Practice. London: Kogan Page, pp 184–196.
Tomlinson, Michael. 2013. Education, Work and Identity: Themes and Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury.
Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2010. Neoliberal Education. Preparing the Student for the New Workplace. In: Greenhouse CJ (ed) Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 162–176.
Urry, James. 2012. Social networks, mobile lives and social inequalities. Journal of Transport Geography 21: 24-30.
Vavrus, Michael. 2014. Diversity and education: A critical multicultural approach. Teachers College Press: New York.
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and racial studies 30(6): 1024-1054.
Wagner, Anne-Catherine. 1998. Les nouvelles élites de la mondialisation: Une immigration dorée en France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Wagner, Anne-Catherine. 2011. Les classes dominantes à l'épreuve de la mondialisation. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 190(5), 4-9.
Wanner, Philippe. 2004. Migration et Intégration. Populations Étrangères en Suisse. Neuchâtel: Office Fédéral de la Statistique.
Wanner Philippe and Ilka Steiner. 2018. Une augmentation spectaculaire de la migration hautement qualifiée en Suisse. Social Change in Switzerland 16. Doi:10.22019/SC-2018-00007
Weenink, Don. 2008. Cosmopolitanism as a Form of Capital: Parents Preparing their Children for a Globalizing World. Sociology 42 (6): 1089–1106.
Wimmer, Andreas and Nina Glick Schiller. 2002. Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation–State Building, Migration and the Social Sciences. Global Networks 2 (4): 301–334.
Wimmer, Andreas. 2009. Herder's Heritage and the Boundary‐Making Approach: Studying Ethnicity in Immigrant Societies. Sociological Theory 27 (3): 244–270.
Yeung, Shirley. 2016. From Cultural Distance to Skills Deficits: “Expatriates,” “Migrants” and Swiss Integration Policy. Multilingua 35 (6): 723–746.
Barkan, Joshua. 2013. Corporate sovereignty: Law and government under capitalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 1998. On glocalization: Or globalization for some, localization for some others. Thesis Eleven 54(1): 37-49.
Beaverstock, Jonathan V. 2005.Transnational Elites in the City: British Highly-skilled Inter-company Transferees in New York City's Financial District. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31(2): 245–268.
Beck, Ulrich and Natan Sznaider. 2006. Unpacking Cosmopolitanism for the Social Sciences: A Research Agenda. The British Journal of Sociology 57(1): 1–23.
Bereni, Laure and Dorothée Prud’Homme (2019). Servir l’entreprise ou la changer? Les responsables diversité entre gestion, critique et performance de la vertu. Revue française de sociologie 60(2): 175-200.
Bolay, Matthieu and Jeanne Rey. 2019. Les temporalités de l’éducation internationale: Pratiques et technologies de l’accélération sociale. Anthropologica 61(1): 137-149.
Boltanski, Luc and Eve Chiapello. 1999. Le Nouvel Esprit du Capitalisme. Paris: Gallimard.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Jean-Claude Passeron. 1970. La reproduction. Eléments pour une théorie du système d'enseignement. Paris : Editions de Minuit.
Bowles, Sam and Herb Gintis. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America. New York: Basic Books.
Bräutigam, Deborah and Tang Xiaoyang. 2011. African Shenzhen: China's special economic zones in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 49(1): 27-54.
Brummitt, Nicholas and Anne Keeling. 2013. Charting the growth of international schools. In, Richard Peirce (ed), International education and schools: moving beyond the first 40 years. New York: Bloomington, pp. 25-36.
Bühlmann Felix, Thomas David and André Mach. 2013. Cosmopolitan capital and the internationalization of the field of business elites: Evidence from the Swiss case. Cultural Sociology 7(2): 211-229.
Bunnell, Tristan, Michael Fertig, and James Chris. 2016. What is International about International Schools? An Institutional Legitimacy Perspective. Oxford Review of Education 42 (4): 408–423.
Calhoun, Craig. 2003. ‘Belonging’ in the cosmopolitan imaginary. Ethnicities 3(4): 531-553.
Coulon, Anaïs, Dorothée Prud'Homme & Patrick Simon. 2018. Le racisme et la discrimination raciale au travail. Association française des managers de la diversité (AFMD).
D’Andrea, Anthony and Breda Gray. 2013. The Work and Life of Corporate Expatriates: New Patterns and Regimes of Mobility in the Knowledge Economy. International Review of Social Research 3 (1): 87–107.
Delanty, Gerard. 2006. The cosmopolitan imagination: critical cosmopolitanism and social theory. The British journal of sociology 57(1): 25-47.
De Lissovoy, Noah. 2018. Pedagogy of the anxious: Rethinking critical pedagogy in the context of neoliberal autonomy and responsibilization. Journal of Education Policy 33(2): 187-205.
Deardorff, Darla K. 2006. Identification and Assessment of Intercultural Competence as a Student Outcome of Internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education 10 (3): 241–266.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Jan Pieter van Oudenhoven. 2009. The Effect of Multilingualism/Multiculturalism on Personality: No Gain Without Pain for Third Culture Kids? International Journal of Multilingualism 6 (4): 443–459.
Doherty, Catherine. 2009. The Appeal of the International Baccalaureate in Australia's Educational Market: A Curriculum of Choice for Mobile Futures. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 30 (1): 73–89.
Donner, Nicolas. 2011. Notes sur la dimension immunitaire des enclaves pétrolières. EchoGéo 17. DOI : 10.4000/echogeo.12555
Duemmler, Kerstin. 2015. The Exclusionary Side Effects of the Civic Integration Paradigm: Boundary Processes among Youth in Swiss Schools. Identities 22 (4): 378–396.
Dugonjić, Leonora S. 2014. ‘A Miniature League of Nations’: inquiry into the Social Origins of the International School, 1924–1930. Paedagogica Historica 50 (1–2): 138–150.
Fabian, Judith. 2016. ‘A Pedagogy for International Education’. In, Mary Hayden and Jeff Thompson (eds), International Schools. Current Issues and Future Prospects. Didcot: Symposium Books, pp. 85–104.
Felouzis, Georges and Gaële Goastellec. 2014. Les inégalités scolaires en Suisse. École, société et politiques éducatives. Peter Lang.
Ferguson, James. 2005. Seeing like an oil company: space, security, and global capital in neoliberal Africa. American anthropologist 107(3): 377-382.
Friedman, Jonathan. 2000. Globalisation, Class, and Culture in Global Systems. Journal of World-systems Research 6 (3): 636–656.
Friedman, Jonathan. 2018. A note on populism and global systemic crisis. Economic Anthropology 5(1): 135-137.
Friedman, Jonathan Z. 2018. The global citizenship agenda and the generation of cosmopolitan capital in British higher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 39(4): 436-450.
Garsten, Christina. 2008. Workplace Vagabonds: Career and Community in Changing Worlds of Work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Gersohn, Ilana. 2011. Neoliberal Agency. Current Anthropology 52 (4): 537–555.
Gershon, Ilana. 2017. Down and Out in the New Economy: How People Find (or Don’t find) Work Today. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ghemawat, Pankaj. 2011. The Cosmopolitan Corporation. Harvard Business Review 89 (5): 92–99.
Glick-Schiller N, Tsypylma Darieva and Sandra Gruner-Domic. 2011. Defining cosmopolitan sociability in a transnational age. An introduction. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(3): 399-418.
Glick Schiller, Nina, and Noel B Salazar. 2013. Regimes of Mobility across the Globe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (2): 183–200.
Goldberg, David T. 2006. Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29(2): 331–364.
Halsall, Robert. 2009. The Discourse of Corporate Cosmopolitanism. British Journal of Management 20(1): 136–148.
Hannerz, Ulf. 1990. Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture. Theory, Culture & Society 7(2–3): 237–251.
Hayden, Mary. 2011. Transnational Spaces of Education: The Growth of the International School Sector. Globalisation. Societies and Education 9(2): 211–224.
Heyward, Mark. 2002. From International to Intercultural: Redefining the International School for a Globalized World. Journal of Research in International Education 1 (1): 9–32.
Ho, Karen. 2009. Liquidated: an ethnography of Wall Street. Duke University Press.
Igarashi, Hiroki and Saito Hiro. 2014. Cosmopolitanism as Cultural Capital: Exploring the Intersection of Globalization, Education and Stratification. Cultural Sociology 8 (3): 222–239.
Jeffrey Craig and Colin McFarlane. 2008. Performing cosmopolitanism. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 26(3): 420-427
Kaufmann Vincent, Mamfred M Bergman and Dominique Joye. 2004. Motility: Mobility as Capital. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 28(4): 745–756.
Lavanchy, Anne. 2014. How does “race” matter in Switzerland? MAPS Working Papers Series 7. Université de Neuchâtel.
Mach, André, Thomas David and Felix Bühlmann. 2011. La fragilité des liens nationaux. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 190(5): 78-107.
Mach, André, Thomas David, Stéphanie Ginalski and Felix. 2016. Les élites économiques suisses au XXe siècle. Neuchâtel: Alphil Presses Universitaires Suisses.
Mahnig, Hans and Sandro Cattacin. 2005. Histoire de la politique de migration, d’asile et d’intégration en Suisse depuis 1948. Zürich: Seismo
Mitchell, Katharyne. 2006. Neoliberal governmentality in the European Union: education, training, and technologies of citizenship. Environment and planning D: society and space 24(3): 389-407.
Murray, Martin J. 2017. The Urbanism of Exception: The Dynamics of Global City Building in The Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oester, Kathrin, Boris Boller, and Elke-Niole Kappus. 2007. Editorial: Schulen in Transnationalen Lebenswelten. Forderungen für Forschung und Lehre. Revue suisse des sciences de l’éducation 29(3): 325–344.
Ossipow, Laurence, Anne-Laure Counilh & Milena Chimienti. 2019. Racialization in Switzerland: experiences of children of refugees from Kurdish, Tamil and Vietnamese backgrounds. Comparative Migration Studies 7(1): 19.
Resnik, Julia. 2008 The denationalization of education and the expansion of the International Baccalaureate. Comparative Education Review 56(2): 248-269.
Rey, Jeanne, Matthieu Bolay and Elisabeth Schubiger. 2019. Généalogie de l’‘élève cosmopolite et marchandisation de l’‘international’ dans des établissements scolaires privés en Suisse. In, J. Hangartner, M. Jäger, M. Kuhn, A. Sieber Egger, & G. Unterweger (eds.), Kindheit(en) in formalen, nonformalen und informellen Bildungskontexten. Ethnografische Beiträge aus der Schweiz. Wiesbaden: Springer. pp. 259-278.
Salacuse, Jeswald W. 1999. Intercultural Negotiation in International Business. Group Decision and Negotiation 8 (3): 217–236.
Schubiger, Elisabeth, Jeanne Rey and Matthieu Bolay. 2019. Fostering the next generation of "responsible world leaders". Tsantsa 24: 121-126.
Shamir, Ronen. 2005. Without Borders? Notes on Globalization as a Mobility Regime. Sociological Theory 23 (2): 197–217.
Sheller, Mimi. 2011. Cosmopolitanism and mobilities. In, Maria Rovisco and Magdalena Nowicka (eds), The Ashgate research companion to cosmopolitanism. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 349-365.
Sidaway, James D. 2007. Enclave space: a new metageography of development?. Area 39(3), 331-339.
Sleeter, Catherine. 2008. Preparing White teachers for diverse students. In, Cocharan-Smith, Marylin, Sharon Feiman-Nemser, John D. McIntyre and Kelly E. Demers (eds.), Handbook of research on teacher education: Enduring questions in changing contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum Associates, pp. 175-202.
Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M, Tasha Darbes, Sandra Isabel Dias and Matt Sutin. 2011.Migrations and Schooling. Annual Review of Anthropology 40: 311–328.
Sylvester, Robert. 1998. Through the Lens of Diversity. In: Hayden M and Thompson J (eds), International Education: Principles and Practice. London: Kogan Page, pp 184–196.
Tomlinson, Michael. 2013. Education, Work and Identity: Themes and Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury.
Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2010. Neoliberal Education. Preparing the Student for the New Workplace. In: Greenhouse CJ (ed) Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 162–176.
Urry, James. 2012. Social networks, mobile lives and social inequalities. Journal of Transport Geography 21: 24-30.
Vavrus, Michael. 2014. Diversity and education: A critical multicultural approach. Teachers College Press: New York.
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and racial studies 30(6): 1024-1054.
Wagner, Anne-Catherine. 1998. Les nouvelles élites de la mondialisation: Une immigration dorée en France. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Wagner, Anne-Catherine. 2011. Les classes dominantes à l'épreuve de la mondialisation. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 190(5), 4-9.
Wanner, Philippe. 2004. Migration et Intégration. Populations Étrangères en Suisse. Neuchâtel: Office Fédéral de la Statistique.
Wanner Philippe and Ilka Steiner. 2018. Une augmentation spectaculaire de la migration hautement qualifiée en Suisse. Social Change in Switzerland 16. Doi:10.22019/SC-2018-00007
Weenink, Don. 2008. Cosmopolitanism as a Form of Capital: Parents Preparing their Children for a Globalizing World. Sociology 42 (6): 1089–1106.
Wimmer, Andreas and Nina Glick Schiller. 2002. Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation–State Building, Migration and the Social Sciences. Global Networks 2 (4): 301–334.
Wimmer, Andreas. 2009. Herder's Heritage and the Boundary‐Making Approach: Studying Ethnicity in Immigrant Societies. Sociological Theory 27 (3): 244–270.
Yeung, Shirley. 2016. From Cultural Distance to Skills Deficits: “Expatriates,” “Migrants” and Swiss Integration Policy. Multilingua 35 (6): 723–746.
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2020-04-15
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Bolay, M., & Rey, J. (2020). Corporate Cosmopolitanism: Making an Asset of Diversity and Mobility at Swiss International Schools. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 19(1), 106–130. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1882
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