The High-Rise and the Shack
Rhizomatic Collisions in Caracas’ Torre David
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1855Keywords:
Caracas, Venezuela, Torre David, Occupations, Housing, Community organizingAbstract
A 45-story tower in Caracas formerly occupied by some 5,000 squatters, Torre David was touted by international media accounts as the world’s most spectacular “vertical slum.” This, among other sensationalized accounts, failed to consider the paradoxical ways in which Caracas’ formal and informal, urban and architectural trajectories literally collided with each other in Torre David. The modern high-rise and the self-built shack—antagonist spatial typologies in Caracas’ growth—were dramatically superposed in the tower, unleashing hitherto un(fore)seen dynamics. Through site fieldwork, interviews, film production, media analysis, and historical research, we offer a nuanced theorization of Torre David that grapples with its charged tensions between the formal and informal, modern and traditional, modernity and postmodernity, reality and imagination, and capitalism and socialism. We begin our investigation with a historical account of the tower’s construction, abandonment, and ultimate occupation. This is followed by a theoretical positioning of Torre David as a social and physical space ‘in-between’. Ultimately, we argue that these tensions created a rhizomatic socio-spatial field heavily pregnant with both risks and hopes for the people, the government, and the spatial disciplines.
References
Agamben, Giorgio. 2005. State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Almandoz, Arturo. 2012. Introducción: Caracas, entre la ciudad guzmancista y la metrópoli revolucionaria. In, Arturo
Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 9-28.
Almandoz, Arturo. 2012. Modernidad urbanística y Nuevo Ideal Nacional. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 95-104.
Almandoz, Arturo. 2009. La ciudad en el imaginario venezolano: Del tiempo de Maricastaña a la masificación de los techos rojos. Caracas: Fundación para la Cultura Urbana.
Anderson, Jon Lee. 2013. “Hugo Chávez and the Expanding Slums of Venezuela.” The New Yorker, 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 July 2014. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/28/slumlord.
Aporrea. 2014. "Ministros Iturriza y Villegas realizaron asamblea con habitantes de la Torre David." Aporrea, 24 May 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aporrea.org/poderpopular/n251455.html>.
Aporrea. 2014. "(VIDEO) Gobierno inicia traslado de primeras familias de la Torre Confinanzas (Torre de David)." Aporrea, 22 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n254802.html>.
Aporrea. 2014. "(VIDEO) Gobierno nacional promoverá debate público para evaluar potencialidades y uso de Torre Confinanzas." Aporrea, 24 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n254967.html>.
Auyero, Javier. 2011. "Researching the Urban Margins: What Can the United States Learn from Latin America and Vice Versa?" City & Community 10.4, 431-36. Web.
Avendaño, Emily. 2014. "¿Qué hacer con la Torre de David?." El Nacional, 4 Aug. 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.el-nacional.com/sociedad/hacer-Torre-David_0_457154405.html>.
Ballantyne, Andrew. 2007. Deleuze and Guattari for Architects. London: Routledge.
Bani-Hashim, A. Reem, Irazábal, Clara, and Greta Byrum. 2010. The Scheherazade Syndrome: Fiction and Fact in Dubai’s Quest to Become a Global City. Architecture Theory Review 15(2), 210-231.
Bolívar, Teolinda. 1988. "Los agentes sociales articulados a la producción de los barrios de ranchos." Coloquio 1:1. Caracas, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, UCV, 143-161.
Bolívar, Teolinda. 1998. Contribución al análisis de los territorios autoproducidos en la metrópoli capital venezolana y la fragmentacion urbana. Urbana 23: 53-74.
Bouillon, César Patricio. 2012. Room for development: housing markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington D.C: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bracci Roa, Luigino. 2013. La serie de televisión Homeland, la favorita de Barack Obama, distorsiona a Venezuela. Aporrea, 15/10/2013. http://www.aporrea.org/medios/n238137.html
Brillembourg, Alfredo and Hubert Klumpner. 2013. II: Present. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 130-333.
Brillembourg, Alfredo and Hubert Klumpner. 2013. IV: Potential. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 360-383.
Brillembourg, Alfredo and Hubert Klumpner. 2013. Preface. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 26-28.
Castoriadis, Cornelius. 1987. The imaginary institution of society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chacón, Rosa María. 2012. El crecimiento urbano y la pérdida de los valores ambientales. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 235-262.
Coronil, Fernando and Julie Skurski. 2019. “Dismembering and Remembering the Nation: The Semantics of Political Violence in Venezuela.” In The Fernando Coronil Reader: The Struggle for Life is the Matter, ed. By Julie Skurski et al. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Déleuze, Gilles and Féliz Guttiari. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York. Continuum, 2004. Vol 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 Vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit.
Dembo, Nancy, José Rosas e Iván González V. 2012. Caracas, modernidad y escala urbana: Una aproximación interdisciplinaria. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 73-94.
Dovey, Kim. 2011. Forms of Informality: Morphology and Visibility of Informal Settlements. Built Environment 37.1, Informal Urbanism, 11-29.
Dovey, Kim. 2011. Uprooting Critical Urbanism. City 15.3-4, 347-54.
El Universal. 2014. "Villegas: Gobierno no avala ni promueve invasiones u ocupaciones ilegales." El Universal, 18 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/140718/villegas-gobierno-no-avala-ni-promueve-invasiones-u-ocupaciones-ilegal>.
Eisenstadt, S.N. 2000. Multiple Modernities, Daedalus 129(1), 1-29.
Ellner, Steve. 2011. Venezuela’s Social-Based Democratic Model: Innovations and Limitations. Journal of Latin American Studies 43, 421-449.
Ellner, Steve. 2013. Social and Political Diversity and the Democratic Road to Change in Venezuela. Latin American Perspectives 40, 63-82.
Fossi Belloso, Víctor. 2012. Desarrollo urbano y vivienda: La desordenada evolución hacia un país de metropolis. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 105-126.
Fourie, Elsje. 2012. A future for the theory of multiple modernities: Insights from the new modernization theory. Social Science Information 51,1, 52-69.
García Guadilla, María Pilar. 2012. Espacio, clase social y movimientos ciudadanos. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 155-198.
Globovisión. "Video exclusivo: Gobierno inspeccionó la Torre Confinanzas - Globovisión." Globovisión, 16 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://globovision.com/gobierno-censo-a-familias-en-la-torre-confinanzas/>.
González Casas, Lorenzo. 2002. “Caracas: Territory, Architecture and Urban Space.” In Planning Latin American Capital Cities, 1859-1950, Arturo Almandoz (ed.).: 214-240. Londers: Routledge.
González Casas, Lorenzo. 2012. Modernidades alternas del urbanismo caraqueño: Territorio, arquitectura y espacio urbano. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 29-72.
González Téllez, Silverio. 2012. Espacio y dinámica de la ciudad violenta. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 199-212.
Grubbauer, Monika. 2014. Architecture, Economic Imaginaries and Urban Politics: The Office Tower as Socially Classifying Device. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (1), 336-59.
Guattari, Félix. 1995. Chaosophy. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e).
Guattari, Félix. 1996. Soft Subversions. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Trans. David L. Sweet and Chet Wiener. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e).
Habraken, N. John. 2002. The Uses of Levels. Open House International 27(2), 1-17.
Handal, Cristina and Clara Irazábal. 2019. Gating Tegucigalpa, Honduras: The Paradoxical Effects of ‘Safer Barrios.’ Journal of Urban Affairs, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1654894
Hernández, Felipe, Mark Millington, and Iain Borden. 2005. Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Hernández-García, Jaime. 2013. Public Space in Informal Settlements, the Barrios of Bogotá, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle Upon Tyne.
Howard, April. 2008. "Creating an Endogenous Development Culture in Venezuela." Creating an Endogenous Development Culture in Venezuela. Venezuelanalysis.com, 8 Sept. 2008. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Innes, Judith and David Booher. 1999) Consensus building as role playing and bricolage: Toward a theory of collaborative planning. Journal of American Planning Association 65(1): 9–26.
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 2012. Room for Development: Housing Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Irazábal, Clara. 2003. Do Pruitt-Igoe ao World Trade Center: planejando a ex/implosão do (pos)modernism. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 5(2), 9-26.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2012. Espacio, Revolución y Resistencia: Lugares Ordinarios y Eventos Extraordinarios en Caracas. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 285-322.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2010. Reflections on the Venezuelan Transition from a Capitalist Representative Democracy to a Socialist Participatory Democracy: What are Planners to Do? Latin American Perspectives 37(1), 97-122.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2008a. Space, Revolution, and Resistance: Ordinary Places and Extraordinary Events in Caracas. In, Clara Irazábal (ed.) Ordinary Places, Extraordinary Events: Democracy, Citizenship, and Public Space in Latin America. New York/ London: Routledge/ Taylor & Francis Group.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2008b. Venezuela’s Communal Councils and the Role of Planners. Progressive Planning 174, 30-33.
Irazábal, Clara and Juan Carlos Rodríguez. 2010. ‘Made in Venezuela’: The Invention of a Neo-Socialist City in the Times of Neoliberal Crisis. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 2010, 48-49.
Irazábal, Clara. 2004. A Planned City Coming of Age: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana Today. Journal of Latin American Geography 3(1), 22-51.
Irazábal, Clara. 2005. Architecture and Image-Making: Invocation of Tradition vs. Critical Transnationalism in Curitiba In, Clara Irazábal, City Making and Urban Governance in the Americas: Curitiba and Portland. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, pp. 241-266.
Irazábal, Clara. 2007a. Constitutional Reforms in Venezuela Foretell a Planning Revolution. Progressive Planning 173, 33, 37.
Irazábal, Clara. 2007b. Kitsch is Dead, Long Live Kitsch: The Production of Hyperkitsch in Las Vegas. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 24(3), 199-223.
Irazábal, Clara. 2011. Muddling Through Socialist Planning in Venezuela: Reflections from Caracas’ Experiments. Proceedings of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) 2011 Conference. Salt Lake City, Utah. October 16th, p. 277.
Irazábal, Clara. 2016. Public, Private, People Partnerships (PPPPs): Reflections from Latin American Cases. In A. Lehavi, Private Communities and Urban Governance: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. US: Springer, pp. 191-214.
Irazábal, Clara. 2009. Revisiting urban planning in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Regional study prepared as input for the seventh issue of the Global Report on Human Settlements 2009 Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy Directions (http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2009RegionalLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.pdf). United Nations Human Settlement Programme.
Jacobs, Jane M. 2004. Tradition is (not) modern: Deterritorializing globalization. In, Nezar AlSayyad, The end of tradition? Routledge, 29-44.
Lepik, Andres. 2013. Introduction. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 29-51.
López, Jaime. 2012. Kidnapped Tico Diplomat Released by Abductors in Caracas Earlier Today. The Costa Rica Star, April 10, 2012. http://news.co.cr/kidnapped-tico-diplomat-released-abductors-caracas-earlier-today/4955/
McGuirk, Justin. 2014. Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture. Brooklyn, New York: Verso Press.
Merla-Watson, Cathryn Josefina. 2012. Bridging Common Grounds: Metaphor, Multitude, and Chicana Third Space Feminism. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11(3), 492-511.
MINHV (Ministerio del Poder Popular para Hábitat y Vivienda). 3.091.557 Viviendas concluidas. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. http://www.minhvi.gob.ve/ accessed January 31, 2020.
Monedero, Juan Carlos. 2018. Hacia una filosofía política del socialismo del siglo XXI. Notas desde el caso venezolano. Cuadernos del Cendes 25,68, 71-106.
Mundó Tejada, Josefina. 2012. Caracas: Su sistema de transporte y movilidad. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 213-234.
Negrón, Marco. 2012. Del sistema de ciudades venezolano. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 127-154.
Noticias 24. "Inspeccionaron la Torre Confinanzas: “Buscamos soluciones para las familias que allí viven”." Noticias24, 24 May 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/240367/ministro-villegas-realiza-inspeccion-en-torre-confinanzas/>.
Noticias 24. 64% de la Torre Confinanzas está desocupada: “Logramos demoler desde el piso 28 hasta el 17″. http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/265648/64-de-la-torre-confinanzas-esta-desocupada-logramos-demoler-desde-el-piso-28-hasta-el-17/
Pedrazzini, Yves. 2014. ‘The Gang of the Barrio’: Invention and Negative Transnationalization of a Latin American Figure of Urbanity. In, Clara Irazábal (ed.), Transbordering Latin Americas: Liminal Places, Cultures, and Powers (T)Here. New York, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Petrescu, Doina, Constantin Petcou and Anne Querrien. 2013. Making a Rhizome, or Architecture after Deleuze and Guattari. In, Hélène Frichot (ed.), Deleuze and Architecture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 262-274.
Petróleos De Venezuela. 2005. "What Is Endogenous Development?" Sitio Web PDVSA. Petróleos De Venezuela S.A., 1 Jan. 2005. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Rosas Meza, Iris. 2009. “La Cultura Constructiva Informal y la Transformación de los Barrios Caraqueños. Bitácora. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Hábitat, Ciudad y Territorio, 15, 2, 79-88.
Rosas Meza, Iris. 2012. La cultura constructiva informal y la transformación de los barrios caraqueños. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 263-284.
Roy, Ananya and Nezar AlSayyad. 2004. Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
Roy, Ananya. 2005. Urban Informality: Toward and Epistemology of Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association 71(2), 147-158.
RunRun. 2014. Reubicarán también a damnificados del Sambil Candelaria. RunRun.es, 22 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://runrun.es/venezuela-2/140585/reubicaran-tambien-damnificados-del-sambil-candelaria.html>.
Saieh, Nico. 2012. Venice Biennale 2012: Torre David, Gran Horizonte / Urban Think Tank + Justin McGuirk + Iwan Baan. Archdaily. http://www.archdaily.com/269481/venice-biennale-2012-torre-david-gran-horizonte-urban-think-tank-justin-mcguirk-iwan-baan/
Schmid, Christian. 2013. Afterword. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 384-388.
Schmidt, Volker H. 2006. Multiple Modernities or Varieties of Modernity? Current Sociology 54,1, 77-97.
Sosa, Irene. 2014. Vertical Slum. Brooklyn, New York: Independent Production, 56 min.
Springer, Simon. 2016. The Anarchist Roots of Geography: Toward Spatial Emancipation. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Vainer, Carlos. 2011. Cidade de Exceção: reflexões a partir do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano e Regional.
Vocativ. The world's tallest slum: Caracas' notorious Tower of David. New York, 2013. 7 min. Documentary Film.
Vanderbeek, Michael and Clara Irazábal. 2007. New Urbanism as a New Modernist Movement: A Comparative Look at Modernism and New Urbanism. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review XIX(1), 41-57.
Almandoz, Arturo. 2012. Introducción: Caracas, entre la ciudad guzmancista y la metrópoli revolucionaria. In, Arturo
Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 9-28.
Almandoz, Arturo. 2012. Modernidad urbanística y Nuevo Ideal Nacional. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 95-104.
Almandoz, Arturo. 2009. La ciudad en el imaginario venezolano: Del tiempo de Maricastaña a la masificación de los techos rojos. Caracas: Fundación para la Cultura Urbana.
Anderson, Jon Lee. 2013. “Hugo Chávez and the Expanding Slums of Venezuela.” The New Yorker, 28 Jan. 2013. Web. 17 July 2014. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/28/slumlord.
Aporrea. 2014. "Ministros Iturriza y Villegas realizaron asamblea con habitantes de la Torre David." Aporrea, 24 May 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aporrea.org/poderpopular/n251455.html>.
Aporrea. 2014. "(VIDEO) Gobierno inicia traslado de primeras familias de la Torre Confinanzas (Torre de David)." Aporrea, 22 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n254802.html>.
Aporrea. 2014. "(VIDEO) Gobierno nacional promoverá debate público para evaluar potencialidades y uso de Torre Confinanzas." Aporrea, 24 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n254967.html>.
Auyero, Javier. 2011. "Researching the Urban Margins: What Can the United States Learn from Latin America and Vice Versa?" City & Community 10.4, 431-36. Web.
Avendaño, Emily. 2014. "¿Qué hacer con la Torre de David?." El Nacional, 4 Aug. 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.el-nacional.com/sociedad/hacer-Torre-David_0_457154405.html>.
Ballantyne, Andrew. 2007. Deleuze and Guattari for Architects. London: Routledge.
Bani-Hashim, A. Reem, Irazábal, Clara, and Greta Byrum. 2010. The Scheherazade Syndrome: Fiction and Fact in Dubai’s Quest to Become a Global City. Architecture Theory Review 15(2), 210-231.
Bolívar, Teolinda. 1988. "Los agentes sociales articulados a la producción de los barrios de ranchos." Coloquio 1:1. Caracas, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, UCV, 143-161.
Bolívar, Teolinda. 1998. Contribución al análisis de los territorios autoproducidos en la metrópoli capital venezolana y la fragmentacion urbana. Urbana 23: 53-74.
Bouillon, César Patricio. 2012. Room for development: housing markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington D.C: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bracci Roa, Luigino. 2013. La serie de televisión Homeland, la favorita de Barack Obama, distorsiona a Venezuela. Aporrea, 15/10/2013. http://www.aporrea.org/medios/n238137.html
Brillembourg, Alfredo and Hubert Klumpner. 2013. II: Present. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 130-333.
Brillembourg, Alfredo and Hubert Klumpner. 2013. IV: Potential. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 360-383.
Brillembourg, Alfredo and Hubert Klumpner. 2013. Preface. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 26-28.
Castoriadis, Cornelius. 1987. The imaginary institution of society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chacón, Rosa María. 2012. El crecimiento urbano y la pérdida de los valores ambientales. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 235-262.
Coronil, Fernando and Julie Skurski. 2019. “Dismembering and Remembering the Nation: The Semantics of Political Violence in Venezuela.” In The Fernando Coronil Reader: The Struggle for Life is the Matter, ed. By Julie Skurski et al. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Déleuze, Gilles and Féliz Guttiari. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York. Continuum, 2004. Vol 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 Vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit.
Dembo, Nancy, José Rosas e Iván González V. 2012. Caracas, modernidad y escala urbana: Una aproximación interdisciplinaria. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 73-94.
Dovey, Kim. 2011. Forms of Informality: Morphology and Visibility of Informal Settlements. Built Environment 37.1, Informal Urbanism, 11-29.
Dovey, Kim. 2011. Uprooting Critical Urbanism. City 15.3-4, 347-54.
El Universal. 2014. "Villegas: Gobierno no avala ni promueve invasiones u ocupaciones ilegales." El Universal, 18 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/140718/villegas-gobierno-no-avala-ni-promueve-invasiones-u-ocupaciones-ilegal>.
Eisenstadt, S.N. 2000. Multiple Modernities, Daedalus 129(1), 1-29.
Ellner, Steve. 2011. Venezuela’s Social-Based Democratic Model: Innovations and Limitations. Journal of Latin American Studies 43, 421-449.
Ellner, Steve. 2013. Social and Political Diversity and the Democratic Road to Change in Venezuela. Latin American Perspectives 40, 63-82.
Fossi Belloso, Víctor. 2012. Desarrollo urbano y vivienda: La desordenada evolución hacia un país de metropolis. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 105-126.
Fourie, Elsje. 2012. A future for the theory of multiple modernities: Insights from the new modernization theory. Social Science Information 51,1, 52-69.
García Guadilla, María Pilar. 2012. Espacio, clase social y movimientos ciudadanos. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 155-198.
Globovisión. "Video exclusivo: Gobierno inspeccionó la Torre Confinanzas - Globovisión." Globovisión, 16 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://globovision.com/gobierno-censo-a-familias-en-la-torre-confinanzas/>.
González Casas, Lorenzo. 2002. “Caracas: Territory, Architecture and Urban Space.” In Planning Latin American Capital Cities, 1859-1950, Arturo Almandoz (ed.).: 214-240. Londers: Routledge.
González Casas, Lorenzo. 2012. Modernidades alternas del urbanismo caraqueño: Territorio, arquitectura y espacio urbano. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 29-72.
González Téllez, Silverio. 2012. Espacio y dinámica de la ciudad violenta. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 199-212.
Grubbauer, Monika. 2014. Architecture, Economic Imaginaries and Urban Politics: The Office Tower as Socially Classifying Device. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (1), 336-59.
Guattari, Félix. 1995. Chaosophy. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e).
Guattari, Félix. 1996. Soft Subversions. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Trans. David L. Sweet and Chet Wiener. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e).
Habraken, N. John. 2002. The Uses of Levels. Open House International 27(2), 1-17.
Handal, Cristina and Clara Irazábal. 2019. Gating Tegucigalpa, Honduras: The Paradoxical Effects of ‘Safer Barrios.’ Journal of Urban Affairs, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1654894
Hernández, Felipe, Mark Millington, and Iain Borden. 2005. Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Hernández-García, Jaime. 2013. Public Space in Informal Settlements, the Barrios of Bogotá, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle Upon Tyne.
Howard, April. 2008. "Creating an Endogenous Development Culture in Venezuela." Creating an Endogenous Development Culture in Venezuela. Venezuelanalysis.com, 8 Sept. 2008. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Innes, Judith and David Booher. 1999) Consensus building as role playing and bricolage: Toward a theory of collaborative planning. Journal of American Planning Association 65(1): 9–26.
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). 2012. Room for Development: Housing Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Irazábal, Clara. 2003. Do Pruitt-Igoe ao World Trade Center: planejando a ex/implosão do (pos)modernism. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 5(2), 9-26.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2012. Espacio, Revolución y Resistencia: Lugares Ordinarios y Eventos Extraordinarios en Caracas. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 285-322.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2010. Reflections on the Venezuelan Transition from a Capitalist Representative Democracy to a Socialist Participatory Democracy: What are Planners to Do? Latin American Perspectives 37(1), 97-122.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2008a. Space, Revolution, and Resistance: Ordinary Places and Extraordinary Events in Caracas. In, Clara Irazábal (ed.) Ordinary Places, Extraordinary Events: Democracy, Citizenship, and Public Space in Latin America. New York/ London: Routledge/ Taylor & Francis Group.
Irazábal, Clara and John Foley. 2008b. Venezuela’s Communal Councils and the Role of Planners. Progressive Planning 174, 30-33.
Irazábal, Clara and Juan Carlos Rodríguez. 2010. ‘Made in Venezuela’: The Invention of a Neo-Socialist City in the Times of Neoliberal Crisis. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 2010, 48-49.
Irazábal, Clara. 2004. A Planned City Coming of Age: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana Today. Journal of Latin American Geography 3(1), 22-51.
Irazábal, Clara. 2005. Architecture and Image-Making: Invocation of Tradition vs. Critical Transnationalism in Curitiba In, Clara Irazábal, City Making and Urban Governance in the Americas: Curitiba and Portland. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, pp. 241-266.
Irazábal, Clara. 2007a. Constitutional Reforms in Venezuela Foretell a Planning Revolution. Progressive Planning 173, 33, 37.
Irazábal, Clara. 2007b. Kitsch is Dead, Long Live Kitsch: The Production of Hyperkitsch in Las Vegas. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 24(3), 199-223.
Irazábal, Clara. 2011. Muddling Through Socialist Planning in Venezuela: Reflections from Caracas’ Experiments. Proceedings of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) 2011 Conference. Salt Lake City, Utah. October 16th, p. 277.
Irazábal, Clara. 2016. Public, Private, People Partnerships (PPPPs): Reflections from Latin American Cases. In A. Lehavi, Private Communities and Urban Governance: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. US: Springer, pp. 191-214.
Irazábal, Clara. 2009. Revisiting urban planning in Latin America and the Caribbean.” Regional study prepared as input for the seventh issue of the Global Report on Human Settlements 2009 Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy Directions (http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2009RegionalLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.pdf). United Nations Human Settlement Programme.
Jacobs, Jane M. 2004. Tradition is (not) modern: Deterritorializing globalization. In, Nezar AlSayyad, The end of tradition? Routledge, 29-44.
Lepik, Andres. 2013. Introduction. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 29-51.
López, Jaime. 2012. Kidnapped Tico Diplomat Released by Abductors in Caracas Earlier Today. The Costa Rica Star, April 10, 2012. http://news.co.cr/kidnapped-tico-diplomat-released-abductors-caracas-earlier-today/4955/
McGuirk, Justin. 2014. Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture. Brooklyn, New York: Verso Press.
Merla-Watson, Cathryn Josefina. 2012. Bridging Common Grounds: Metaphor, Multitude, and Chicana Third Space Feminism. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11(3), 492-511.
MINHV (Ministerio del Poder Popular para Hábitat y Vivienda). 3.091.557 Viviendas concluidas. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. http://www.minhvi.gob.ve/ accessed January 31, 2020.
Monedero, Juan Carlos. 2018. Hacia una filosofía política del socialismo del siglo XXI. Notas desde el caso venezolano. Cuadernos del Cendes 25,68, 71-106.
Mundó Tejada, Josefina. 2012. Caracas: Su sistema de transporte y movilidad. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 213-234.
Negrón, Marco. 2012. Del sistema de ciudades venezolano. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 127-154.
Noticias 24. "Inspeccionaron la Torre Confinanzas: “Buscamos soluciones para las familias que allí viven”." Noticias24, 24 May 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/240367/ministro-villegas-realiza-inspeccion-en-torre-confinanzas/>.
Noticias 24. 64% de la Torre Confinanzas está desocupada: “Logramos demoler desde el piso 28 hasta el 17″. http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/265648/64-de-la-torre-confinanzas-esta-desocupada-logramos-demoler-desde-el-piso-28-hasta-el-17/
Pedrazzini, Yves. 2014. ‘The Gang of the Barrio’: Invention and Negative Transnationalization of a Latin American Figure of Urbanity. In, Clara Irazábal (ed.), Transbordering Latin Americas: Liminal Places, Cultures, and Powers (T)Here. New York, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Petrescu, Doina, Constantin Petcou and Anne Querrien. 2013. Making a Rhizome, or Architecture after Deleuze and Guattari. In, Hélène Frichot (ed.), Deleuze and Architecture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 262-274.
Petróleos De Venezuela. 2005. "What Is Endogenous Development?" Sitio Web PDVSA. Petróleos De Venezuela S.A., 1 Jan. 2005. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Rosas Meza, Iris. 2009. “La Cultura Constructiva Informal y la Transformación de los Barrios Caraqueños. Bitácora. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones Hábitat, Ciudad y Territorio, 15, 2, 79-88.
Rosas Meza, Iris. 2012. La cultura constructiva informal y la transformación de los barrios caraqueños. In, Arturo Almandoz (ed.), Caracas, de la Metrópoli Súbita a la Meca Roja. Quito, Ecuador: Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricos (Olacchi), pp. 263-284.
Roy, Ananya and Nezar AlSayyad. 2004. Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, MD: Lexington.
Roy, Ananya. 2005. Urban Informality: Toward and Epistemology of Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association 71(2), 147-158.
RunRun. 2014. Reubicarán también a damnificados del Sambil Candelaria. RunRun.es, 22 July 2014. Web. 2 Sept. 2014. <http://runrun.es/venezuela-2/140585/reubicaran-tambien-damnificados-del-sambil-candelaria.html>.
Saieh, Nico. 2012. Venice Biennale 2012: Torre David, Gran Horizonte / Urban Think Tank + Justin McGuirk + Iwan Baan. Archdaily. http://www.archdaily.com/269481/venice-biennale-2012-torre-david-gran-horizonte-urban-think-tank-justin-mcguirk-iwan-baan/
Schmid, Christian. 2013. Afterword. In, Urban-Think Tank Chair of Architecture and Urban Design at ETH Zürich. Torre David: Informal Vertical Communities. Zürich, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, pp. 384-388.
Schmidt, Volker H. 2006. Multiple Modernities or Varieties of Modernity? Current Sociology 54,1, 77-97.
Sosa, Irene. 2014. Vertical Slum. Brooklyn, New York: Independent Production, 56 min.
Springer, Simon. 2016. The Anarchist Roots of Geography: Toward Spatial Emancipation. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Vainer, Carlos. 2011. Cidade de Exceção: reflexões a partir do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano e Regional.
Vocativ. The world's tallest slum: Caracas' notorious Tower of David. New York, 2013. 7 min. Documentary Film.
Vanderbeek, Michael and Clara Irazábal. 2007. New Urbanism as a New Modernist Movement: A Comparative Look at Modernism and New Urbanism. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review XIX(1), 41-57.
Downloads
Published
2020-04-15
How to Cite
Irazábal-Zurita, C. E., Sosa, I., & Schlenker, L. E. (2020). The High-Rise and the Shack: Rhizomatic Collisions in Caracas’ Torre David. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 19(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1855
Issue
Section
Research
License
Authors agree to publish their articles in ACME under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
