On the Frontlines of Fear
Migration and Climate Change in the Local Context of Sardinia, Italy
Keywords:
Climate change, migration, fear, local authorities, austerityAbstract
Migration and climate change are hot topics generating widespread concerns and fears in European public opinion. However, a striking difference between them is the ‘efficacy’ of the fears that surround the two topics. For migration, the spectre of a looming invasion and similar narratives translate into immense impacts and a securitisation of the matter. For climate change, growing awareness over the prospect of a climate emergency only sporadically translates into urgent action. This article engages with this remarkable difference of great political relevance. While analyses of fear and securitisation of migration and climate have privileged inter-state politics and international discourses, here we investigate how fear is produced, mobilised, and contested in sub-national political arenas. Rather than on a spectacular case (as Lampedusa or a Pacific Island) we focus on Sardinia, an ordinary region that, for both climate change and migration, is not under the spotlight – there are no melting glaciers nor climate refugees. Drawing on focus groups and interviews with Sardinian local authorities, we detail how mayors and municipality feel on the frontline against both climate change and migration. However, rather than as security issues, both emerge tangled with questions such as austerity, spopolamento(depopulation), economic decline, and rural-urban dynamics. But while fears over migration translate into strong citizen pressure mayors feel compelled to react to, concerns about climate change instead lead to a sort of fatalism or deferral. We conclude the paper with reflections on the implications that this important difference has for broader debates on climate and migration.
References
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Kern, Kristine. 2019. "Cities as leaders in EU multilevel climate governance: embedded upscaling of local experiments in Europe." Environmental Politics 28 (1): 125-145.
Kinnvall, Catarina. 2018. "Ontological Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries: The Emotional Appeal of Populism." Humanity & Society 42 (4): 523-543.
Kundnani, Arun. 2014. The Muslims are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror. London: Verso.
Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W., Piotr Matczak, Ilona M. Otto, and Philipp E. Otto. 2020. "From “atmosfear” to climate action." Environmental Science & Policy 105: 75-83.
Lahav, Gallya. 2004. Immigration and politics in the new Europe: Reinventing borders. Cambridge University Press.
Manacorda, Marco, Alan Manning, and Jonathan Wadsworth. 2012. "The impact of immigration on the structure of wages: theory and evidence from Britain." Journal of the European economic association 10 (1): 120-151.
Massumi, Brian. 2005. "Fear (the spectrum said)." positions: east asia cultures critique 13 (1): 31-48.
Massumi, Brian. 2015. Politics of affect. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity.
Methmann, Chris, and Delf Rothe. 2014. "Tracing the spectre that haunts Europe: the visual construction of climate-induced migration in the MENA region." Critical Studies on Security 2 (2): 162-179.
Mezzadra, Sandro, and Brett Neilson. 2013. Border as method, or, the multiplication of labor. Durham: Duke University Press.
Monbiot, George. 2007. Heat: how to stop the planet burning. London: Penguin.
Nickell, Stephen, and Jumana Saleheen. 2008. "The impact of immigration on occupational wages: British evidence." Federal Reserve Bank Boston Working Paper 6.
O'Neill, Saffron, and Sophie Nicholson-Cole. 2009. ""Fear Won't Do It": Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations." Science communication : an interdisciplinary social science journal 30 (3): 355-379.
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Sides, John, and Jack Citrin. 2007. "European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information." British journal of political science 37 (3): 477-504.
Sorge, Antonio. 2009. "Hospitality, Friendship, and the Outsider in Highland Sardinia." Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe 9 (1): 4-12.
Sorge, Antonio. 2015a. Legacies of Violence: History, Society, and the State in Sardinia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Sorge, Antonio. 2015b. "The past sits in places: Locality, violence, and memory in Sardinia." Critique of Anthropology 35 (3): 263-279.
Steentjes, K., N. Pidgeon, W. Poortinga, A. Corner, A. Arnold, G. Böhm, C. Mays, M. Poumadère, M. Ruddat, D. Scheer, M. Sonnberger, and E. Tvinnereim. 2017. European Perceptions of Climate Change: Topline findings of a survey conducted in four European countries in 2016. Cardiff: Cardiff University Press.
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Trombetta, Julia. 2008. "Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21 (4): 585-602.
Tyler, Imogen. 2013. Revolting subjects: social abjection and resistance in neoliberal Britain. London: Zed.
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, and Katie Simmons. 2016. "Europeans fear wave of refugees will mean more terrorism, fewer jobs." Pew Research Center 11: 2016.
Wodak, Ruth. 2015. The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: SAGE Publications.
Wurzel, Rüdiger K. W., Duncan Liefferink, and Diarmuid Torney. 2019. "Pioneers, leaders and followers in multilevel and polycentric climate governance." Environmental Politics 28 (1): 1-21.
Zincone, Giovanna. 2006. "The making of policies: Immigration and immigrants in Italy." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (3): 347-375.
Aradau, Claudia, and Rens van Munster. 2011. Politics of catastrophe: genealogies of the unknown. London: Routledge.
Avdan, Nazli. 2014. "Do asylum recognition rates in Europe respond to transnational terrorism? The migration-security nexus revisited." European Union Politics 15 (4): 445-471.
Baldwin, Andrew. 2016. "Premediation and white affect: climate change and migration in critical perspective." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 41 (1): 78-90.
Barkemeyer, Ralf, Frank Figge, Andreas Hoepner, Diane Holt, Johannes Marcelus Kraak, and Pei-Shan Yu. 2017. "Media coverage of climate change: An international comparison." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35 (6): 1029-1054.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2015. "The Migration Panic And Its (Mis)Uses." Social Europe Blog. (blog). December 2015. https://www.socialeurope.eu/2015/12/migration-panic-misuses/.
Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk society: towards a new modernity.Theory, culture & society. London ; Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Bill, Rolston. 2014. "Resistance and Pride: The Murals of Orgosolo, Sardinia." State Crime Journal 3 (1): 73-101.
Boas, Ingrid. 2015. Climate Migration and Security: Securitisation as a Strategy in Climate Change Politics. New York: Routledge.
Brown, Wendy. 2015. Undoing the demos: neoliberalism's stealth revolution. First Edition. ed. New York: Zone Books.
Brown, Wendy. 2019. In the ruins of neoliberalism: the rise of antidemocratic politics in the West. New York: Columbia University Press.
Bruno, Marco. 2016. "Media representations of immigrants in Italy: framing real and symbolic borders." REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 24 (46): 45-58.
Bulkeley, Harriet, and Vanesa Castán Broto. 2013. "Government by experiment? Global cities and the governing of climate change." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38 (3): 361-375.
Chaturvedi, Sanjay, and Timothy Doyle. 2015. Climate terror: a critical geopolitics of climate change. New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan.
Citrin, Jack, Donald P Green, Christopher Muste, and Cara Wong. 1997. "Public opinion toward immigration reform: The role of economic motivations." The Journal of Politics 59 (3): 858-881.
Cocco, F., M.L.C. Ortu, and N. Fenu. 2016. Spop. Istantanea dello spopolamento in Sardegna. LetteraVentidue.
Colombo, Monica. 2018. "The Representation of the “European Refugee Crisis” in Italy: Domopolitics, Securitization, and Humanitarian Communication in Political and Media Discourses." Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16 (1-2): 161-178.
Curtis, Simon. 2016. "Cities and Global Governance: State Failure or a New Global Order?" Millennium - Journal of International Studies 44 (3): 455-477.
Cuttitta, Paolo. 2014. "'Borderizing'the Island Setting and Narratives of the Lampedusa'Border Play'." ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13 (2).
Davis, Mike. 1999. "Beyond blade runner: Urban control, the ecology of fear." In Ecology of Fear – Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster, edited by Mike Davis. New York: Vintage Books.
Davis, Mike. 2006. Planet of slums. London: Verso.
De Genova, Nicholas. 2013. "Spectacles of migrant ‘illegality’: the scene of exclusion, the obscene of inclusion." Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 (7): 1180-1198.
Della Porta, Donatella. 2018. Solidarity Mobilizations in the ‘Refugee Crisis’: Contentious Moves. Springer.
Dörries, Matthias. 2010. "Climate catastrophes and fear." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1 (6): 885-890.
Douglas, Mary. 1966. Purity and danger: an analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge.
Douglas, Mary. 1983. Risk and culture : an essay on the selection of technological and environmental dangers. Edited by Aaron B. Wildavsky. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Dustmann, Christian, Francesca Fabbri, and Ian Preston. 2005. "The impact of immigration on the British labour market." The Economic Journal 115 (507): F324-F341.
Esses, Victoria M, Lynne M Jackson, and Tamara L Armstrong. 1998. "Intergroup competition and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: An instrumental model of group conflict." Journal of social issues 54 (4): 699-724.
Eurobarometer. 2015. "Special Eurobarometer 435 - EU Report - Climate Change. May-June." https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/support/docs/report_2015_en.pdf.
Eurobarometer. 2018. "Standard Eurobarometer 90 Autumn 2018." http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/index#p=1&instruments=SPECIAL.
Eurobarometer. 2019. "Standard Eurobarometer Spring 2019." https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/88107.
Gramsci, Antonio. 1975. Quaderno 19 Risorgimento Italiano. Turin: Giulio Einaudi.
Gualtieri, Claudia, ed. 2018. Migration and the contemporary Mediterranean : shifting cultures in twenty-first-century Italy and beyond. Oxford: Peter Lang.
Hage, Ghassan. 2003. Against paranoid nationalism : searching for hope in a shrinking society. Annandale, N.S.W.: Pluto Press Australia.
Hagen, Bjoern, Ariane Middel, and David Pijawka. 2016. "European climate change perceptions: public support for mitigation and adaptation policies." Environmental Policy and Governance 26 (3): 170-183.
Hulme, Mike. 2017. Weathered: cultures of climate. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Huysmans, Jef. 2006. The politics of insecurity: fear, migration and asylum in the EU. London: Routledge.
IOM. 2015. World Migration Report 2015 – Migrants and Cities: New Partnerships to Manage Mobility. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
Isabella, Maurizio. 2012. "Review ArticleRethinking Italy’s Nation-Building 150 Years Afterwards: The New Risorgimento Historiography*." Past & Present 217 (1): 247-268.
Kern, Kristine. 2019. "Cities as leaders in EU multilevel climate governance: embedded upscaling of local experiments in Europe." Environmental Politics 28 (1): 125-145.
Kinnvall, Catarina. 2018. "Ontological Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries: The Emotional Appeal of Populism." Humanity & Society 42 (4): 523-543.
Kundnani, Arun. 2014. The Muslims are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror. London: Verso.
Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W., Piotr Matczak, Ilona M. Otto, and Philipp E. Otto. 2020. "From “atmosfear” to climate action." Environmental Science & Policy 105: 75-83.
Lahav, Gallya. 2004. Immigration and politics in the new Europe: Reinventing borders. Cambridge University Press.
Manacorda, Marco, Alan Manning, and Jonathan Wadsworth. 2012. "The impact of immigration on the structure of wages: theory and evidence from Britain." Journal of the European economic association 10 (1): 120-151.
Massumi, Brian. 2005. "Fear (the spectrum said)." positions: east asia cultures critique 13 (1): 31-48.
Massumi, Brian. 2015. Politics of affect. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity.
Methmann, Chris, and Delf Rothe. 2014. "Tracing the spectre that haunts Europe: the visual construction of climate-induced migration in the MENA region." Critical Studies on Security 2 (2): 162-179.
Mezzadra, Sandro, and Brett Neilson. 2013. Border as method, or, the multiplication of labor. Durham: Duke University Press.
Monbiot, George. 2007. Heat: how to stop the planet burning. London: Penguin.
Nickell, Stephen, and Jumana Saleheen. 2008. "The impact of immigration on occupational wages: British evidence." Federal Reserve Bank Boston Working Paper 6.
O'Neill, Saffron, and Sophie Nicholson-Cole. 2009. ""Fear Won't Do It": Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations." Science communication : an interdisciplinary social science journal 30 (3): 355-379.
Pallister‐Wilkins, Polly. 2017. "Humanitarian Rescue/Sovereign Capture and the Policing of Possible Responses to Violent Borders." Global Policy 8 (S1): 19-24.
Pouter, Jacob. 2016. "European opinions of the refugee crisis in 5 charts. Pew Research Centre. Fact Tank: News in the numbers." Accessed 28 October 2018. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/16/european-opinions-of-the-refugee-crisis-in-5-charts/.
Proglio, Gabriele, and Laura Odasso, eds. 2017. Border Lampedusa: subjectivity, visibility and memory in stories of sea and land. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Robin, Corey. 2004. Fear: the history of a political idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rocchetti, Francesco. 2011. Con gli occhi di Gramsci: letture del Risorgimento. 1a ed. ed. Roma: Carocci editore.
Sabherwal, Anandita, Matthew T. Ballew, Sander van der Linden, Abel Gustafson, Matthew H. Goldberg, Edward W. Maibach, John E. Kotcher, Janet K. Swim, Seth A. Rosenthal, and Anthony Leiserowitz. 2021. "The Greta Thunberg Effect: Familiarity with Greta Thunberg predicts intentions to engage in climate activism in the United States." Journal of Applied Social Psychology n/a (n/a).
Schäfer, Mike S, Jürgen Scheffran, and Logan Penniket. 2015. "Securitization of media reporting on climate change? A cross-national analysis in nine countries." Security Dialogue 47 (1): 76-96.
Sides, John, and Jack Citrin. 2007. "European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests and information." British journal of political science 37 (3): 477-504.
Sorge, Antonio. 2009. "Hospitality, Friendship, and the Outsider in Highland Sardinia." Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe 9 (1): 4-12.
Sorge, Antonio. 2015a. Legacies of Violence: History, Society, and the State in Sardinia. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Sorge, Antonio. 2015b. "The past sits in places: Locality, violence, and memory in Sardinia." Critique of Anthropology 35 (3): 263-279.
Steentjes, K., N. Pidgeon, W. Poortinga, A. Corner, A. Arnold, G. Böhm, C. Mays, M. Poumadère, M. Ruddat, D. Scheer, M. Sonnberger, and E. Tvinnereim. 2017. European Perceptions of Climate Change: Topline findings of a survey conducted in four European countries in 2016. Cardiff: Cardiff University Press.
Stern, Nicholas. 2007. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tazzioli, Martina. 2015a. "The desultory politics of mobility and the humanitarian-military border in the mediterranean. Mare Nostrum beyond the sea." REMHU : Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 23 (44): 61-82.
Tazzioli, Martina. 2015b. "The politics of counting and the scene of rescue - Border deaths in the Mediterranean." Radical Philosophy 192: 2-5.
TENT Foundation. 2016. Public perceptions of the refugee crisis - Cumulative report November 2015 – January 2016. TENT Foundation. http://www.tent.org/s/TENT_Main-Report-JAN-2016-Re-contact.pdf.
Trombetta, Julia. 2008. "Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21 (4): 585-602.
Tyler, Imogen. 2013. Revolting subjects: social abjection and resistance in neoliberal Britain. London: Zed.
Wike, Richard, Bruce Stokes, and Katie Simmons. 2016. "Europeans fear wave of refugees will mean more terrorism, fewer jobs." Pew Research Center 11: 2016.
Wodak, Ruth. 2015. The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. London: SAGE Publications.
Wurzel, Rüdiger K. W., Duncan Liefferink, and Diarmuid Torney. 2019. "Pioneers, leaders and followers in multilevel and polycentric climate governance." Environmental Politics 28 (1): 1-21.
Zincone, Giovanna. 2006. "The making of policies: Immigration and immigrants in Italy." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 32 (3): 347-375.
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Published
2021-07-02
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Bettini, G., Beuret, N., & Turhan, E. (2021). On the Frontlines of Fear: Migration and Climate Change in the Local Context of Sardinia, Italy. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 20(3), 322–340. Retrieved from https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1838
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