Polyhedron of Powers, Displacements, Socio-Spatial Negotiations and Residents’ Everyday Experiences in a “Pacified” Favela
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v18i6.1835Keywords:
Favela, UPP (Police Pacification Unit), dispositif, polyhedron, everyday urban politics, urbanization in the global southAbstract
This article discusses longitudinal ethnographic research conducted in Rio de Janeiro from 2011 to 2018. I draw on Foucault’s concept of dispositif and employ his term polyhedron to analyze three different facets of the longitudinal data with the aim of contributing to the debate on everyday urban politics and peripheral urbanization: (1) genealogies of the so-called favela problem; (2) residents' everyday experiences and practices related to space and tactics; and (3) the socio-spatial aspects of citizenship. These sides are all highly relevant in understanding the everyday experiences of residents living in a “pacified” favela over time.
Although residents tended to emphasize the positive aspects of implementing UPPs (Police Pacification Units) and the “pacification-programme” during its first years, the analysis reveals that inhabitants were living through multi-faceted and changing relationships encompassing power, negotiation, displacement, everyday uncertainty, and resistance in the context of increased urban militarization. I argue that the analytic form of the polyhedron in combination with longitudinal ethnography allows for reflection on critical intersections and the constant changes of spatial strategies, everyday practices and tactics, and how actual people living in the city contribute to the shaping and re-shaping of new forms within the polyhedron of powers, interfacing with urban regeneration and (in)security politics.
References
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Leite MP. 2014. Entre a ‘guerra’ e a ‘paz’: Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora e gestão dos territórios de favela no Rio de Janeiro. Dilemas - Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 7(4): 625–642.
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Lizarazo T. 2018. Alongside Violence: Everyday Survival in Chocó, Colombia. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 27(2): 175–196.
Machado da Silva LA. 2004. Sociabilidade violenta: por uma interpretação da criminalidade contemporânea no Brasil urbano. Sociedade e Estado 19(1).
Machado da Silva LA. (ed). 2008. Vida Sob Cerco. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, pp. 115–42.
Machado da Silva LA., de Luna Freire L., Silveira Simões S., Machado da Silva and Mello MA. (eds). 2012. Favelas Cariocas: ontem e hoje. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Garamond.
Maede TA. 1999. ‘Civilizing’ Rio: Reform and Resistance in a Brazilian City 1889-1930. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Mattoso C. and Della Coletta R. 2019. Justice Minister Says New Self-Defense Bill "Is Not A License To Kill. Folha de S.Paulo. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2019/02/justice-minister-says-new-self-defense-bill-is-not-a-license-to-kill.shtml (accessed 20 February 2019).
Mbembe A. 2003. Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1): 11-40.
Mbembe A. 2017. Critique of Black Reason. Duke University Press Books: Kindle edition.
Mbembe A. and Nuttall S. 2004. Writing the World from an African Metropolis. Public Culture 16(3): 347–372.
McFarlane C. 2011. Assemblage and critical urbanism. City 15(2): 204–224.
McFarlane C. 2018. Fragment urbanism: Politics at the margins of the city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36(6): 1007–1025.
Munanga K. 2017. As Ambiguidades do Racismo à Brasileira. In: O Racismo e o Negro No Brasil, Questoes Para a Psicanálise. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva.
Murakami Wood D. 2013. The Insecurity Dimension’. In: Acuto M and Steele W (eds) Global City Challenges: Debating a Concept, Improving the Practice. London: Palgrave.
Novaes AR. 2014. Favelas and the divided city: mapping silences and calculations in Rio de Janeiro’s journalistic cartography. Social & Cultural Geography 15(2): 201–225.
Penglase RB. 2014. Living with Insecurity in a Brazilian Favela: Urban Violence and Daily Life. Kindle edition: Rutgers University Press.
Perlman J. 2010. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pløger J. 2008. Foucault’s Dispositif and the City. Planning Theory 7(1): 51–70.
Richmond MA. 2018. Rio de Janeiro’s favela assemblage: Accounting for the durability of an unstable object. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36(6): 1045–1062.
Richmond MA. and Garmany J. 2016. ‘Post‐Third‐World City'or Neoliberal ‘City of Exception'? Rio de Janeiro in the Olympic Era. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 40(3), 621-639.
Rocha LM., Leite M., Farias J. and de Carvalho MB. (eds). 2018. Militarização no Rio de Janeiro: da Pacificação á intervenção. Rio de Janeiro: Mórula Editorial.
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Rose G. 2006. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. London: Sage Publications.
Santos M. 2017. A Natureza do Espaço. São Paulo: Editora Universidade de São Paulo.
Silva DF. 2009. No-Bodies . Griffith Law Review 18(2), 212–36.
Simone A. 2004. For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities. Durham: Duke University Press Books.
Simone A. 2011. The surfacing of urban life: A response to Colin McFarlane and Neil Brenner, David Madden and David Wachsmuth. City 15(3–4): 355–364.
Simone A. and Pieterse E. 2017. New Urban Worlds: Inhabiting Dissonant Times. Kindle edition: John Wiley & Sons.
Souza J. 2005. Ralé Brasileira. Quem é e Como Vive. Belo Horizonte: UFMG.
Souza J. 2007. The Singularity of the Peripheral Social Inequality. In: Sinder V. and Souza J. (eds). Imagining Brazil. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Souza, J. 2010. Os batalhadores brasileiros: nova classe média ou nova classe trabalhadora?. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Souza J. 2017. Inequality in Capitalist Societies. Jodhka SS. and Rehbein B. (eds). New York: Routledge.
Unidades de Policia Pacificadora (UPP). 2013. Unidades de Policia Pacificadora - O que são? Instituto de Segurança Pública. Available at: http://www.isp.rj.gov.br/Conteudo.asp?ident=101 (accessed 20 February 2019).
Vainer C. 2011. Cidade de Exceção: Reflexões a Partir do Rio de Janeiro. Anais do XIV Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Planejamento Urbano (ANPUR), vol. 14.
Telles E. 2006. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press: Kindle edition.
Valladares L. 2006. La favela d’un siècle à l’autre : Mythe d’origine, discours scientifiques et représentations virtuelles. Paris: Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
Vargas JHC. 2008. Never Meant to Survive: Genocide and Utopias in Black Diaspora Communities. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Vargas JHC. 2004. Hyperconsciousness of Race and Its Negation: The Dialectic of White Supremacy in Brazil. Identities 11(4), 443–70.
Wacquant L. 2008. The Militarization of Urban Marginality: Lessons from the Brazilian Metropolis. International Political Sociology 2(1): 56–74.
Zaluar A. and Alvito M. (eds). 2006. Um século de favela. Rio de Janeiro: FGV Editora.
Agamben G. 2005. State of Exception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Alves JA. 2018. The Anti-Black City: Police Terror and Black Urban Life in Brazil. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Andrews GR. 2004. Afro-Latin America, 1800-2000. New York: Oxford University Press.
Banco Mundial. 2012. O Retorno do Estado às Favelas do Rio de Janeiro: Uma Análise da Transformação do Dia a Dia das Comunidades após o Processo de Pacificação das UPPs. Report.
Beveridge R. and Koch P. 2019. Urban everyday politics: Politicising practices and the transformation of the here and now. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37(1): 142–157.
Borges D., Ribeiro E. and Cano I. 2012. Os Donos Do Morro: Uma Avaliação Exploratória Do Impacto Das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora (UPPs) No Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública UERJ.
Brenner N., Madden DJ. and Wachsmuth D. 2011. Assemblage urbanism and the challenges of critical urban theory. City 15(2): 225–240.
Caldeira TP. 2017. Peripheral urbanization: Autoconstruction, transversal logics, and politics in cities of the global south. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 35(1): 3–20.
Caldeira TP. 2000. City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Campos A. 2010. Do Quilombo a Favela - A Producao do ‘Espaco Criminalizado’ no Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Bertrand Brasil.
Carneiro S. and Sant’Anna MJ. (eds). 2009. Cidade: Olhares e trajetórias. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.
Castro PR. 2011. Galo Cantaou! A conquista da propriedade pelos moradores do Cantagalo. In: Castro PR (ed.) Que
Diferença Faz Um Pedaço de Papel? A Essência Humana Da Propriedade. Rio de Janeiro: Record.
Certeau MD. 1988. The Practice of Everyday Life. London: University of California Press.
Comitê Popular da Copa e Olimpíadas do Rio de Janeiro. 2015. Mega-Events and Human Rights Violations Rio 2016 Olympics: Exclusion Games. Report.
Degen M. 2017. Urban Regeneration and “Resistance of Place”: Foregrounding Time and Experience. Space and Culture 20(2): 141–155.
Degen M. 2008. Sensing Cities. Kindle edition: Routledge.
Deleuze G. 2014. Dispositif (Apparatus). In: Lawlor L. and Nale J. (eds). The Cambridge Foucault Lexicon. New York City: Cambridge University Press.
Devlin RT. 2018. A focus on needs: toward a more nuanced understanding of inequality and urban informality in the global North. Journal of Cultural Geography: 1–23.
Ferreira Magalhães A. 2013. O "Galo cantou”, mas não foi para os moradores das favelas: problematizando a política estadual de titulação de favelas. Cadernos do Desenvolvimento Fluminense.
Foucault M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Gordon C. (ed). New York: Vintage.
Foucault M. 1984. Nietzsche, Genealogy, History. In: Rabinow P. (ed.). The Foucault Reader. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 76–100.
Foucault M. 1998. The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge v. 1. London: Penguin.
Foucault M. 2002. Power. Faubion JD. (ed.). New York: Penguin Press.
Franco M. 2014. UPP – a redução da favela a três letras: uma análise da política de segurança pública do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Unpublished Master thesis, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro.
Frers L. and Meier L. 2017. Resistance in Public Spaces: Questions of Distinction, Duration, and Expansion. Space and Culture 20(2): 127–140.
Graham S. 2011. Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism. London: Verso.
Holston J. 2008. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). 2010. Censo Demográfico.
Kaiser AJ. 2019. ‘Rio Governor Confirms Plans for Shoot-to-Kill Policing Policy’. The Guardian, 4 January 2019. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/04/wilson-witzel-rio-police-security-shoot-to-kill (accessed 19 February 2019).
Lara FL. 2012. The form of the informal, investigating Brazilian self- built housing solutions. In: Hernández F., Kellett P., Allen LK. and Lara LF. (eds.). Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America. New York: Berghahn Books.
Legg S. 2011. Assemblage/apparatus: using Deleuze and Foucault: Assemblage/apparatus. Area 43(2): 128–133.
Leite MP. 2012a. Da ‘metáfora da guerra’ ao projeto de ‘pacificaçao’: favelas e políticas de seguranca pública no Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Seguranca publica 2(6): 374–379.
Leite MP. 2012b. Preconceito racial e racismo institutional no Brasil. Le monde Diplomatique Brasil, July. Available at: https://diplomatique.org.br/preconceito-racial-e-racismo-institucional-no-brasil/ (accessed 8 January 2019).
Leite MP. 2014. Entre a ‘guerra’ e a ‘paz’: Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora e gestão dos territórios de favela no Rio de Janeiro. Dilemas - Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 7(4): 625–642.
Leite MP. and Farias J. 2007. ’Rituais e política: manifestações contre a violência no espaço público. In: Carneiro S. and Sant’ana MJ. (eds). Cidade: Olhares e Trajetórias. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, pp. 431–474.
Lizarazo T. 2018. Alongside Violence: Everyday Survival in Chocó, Colombia. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 27(2): 175–196.
Machado da Silva LA. 2004. Sociabilidade violenta: por uma interpretação da criminalidade contemporânea no Brasil urbano. Sociedade e Estado 19(1).
Machado da Silva LA. (ed). 2008. Vida Sob Cerco. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, pp. 115–42.
Machado da Silva LA., de Luna Freire L., Silveira Simões S., Machado da Silva and Mello MA. (eds). 2012. Favelas Cariocas: ontem e hoje. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Garamond.
Maede TA. 1999. ‘Civilizing’ Rio: Reform and Resistance in a Brazilian City 1889-1930. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Mattoso C. and Della Coletta R. 2019. Justice Minister Says New Self-Defense Bill "Is Not A License To Kill. Folha de S.Paulo. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2019/02/justice-minister-says-new-self-defense-bill-is-not-a-license-to-kill.shtml (accessed 20 February 2019).
Mbembe A. 2003. Necropolitics. Public Culture 15(1): 11-40.
Mbembe A. 2017. Critique of Black Reason. Duke University Press Books: Kindle edition.
Mbembe A. and Nuttall S. 2004. Writing the World from an African Metropolis. Public Culture 16(3): 347–372.
McFarlane C. 2011. Assemblage and critical urbanism. City 15(2): 204–224.
McFarlane C. 2018. Fragment urbanism: Politics at the margins of the city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36(6): 1007–1025.
Munanga K. 2017. As Ambiguidades do Racismo à Brasileira. In: O Racismo e o Negro No Brasil, Questoes Para a Psicanálise. São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva.
Murakami Wood D. 2013. The Insecurity Dimension’. In: Acuto M and Steele W (eds) Global City Challenges: Debating a Concept, Improving the Practice. London: Palgrave.
Novaes AR. 2014. Favelas and the divided city: mapping silences and calculations in Rio de Janeiro’s journalistic cartography. Social & Cultural Geography 15(2): 201–225.
Penglase RB. 2014. Living with Insecurity in a Brazilian Favela: Urban Violence and Daily Life. Kindle edition: Rutgers University Press.
Perlman J. 2010. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pløger J. 2008. Foucault’s Dispositif and the City. Planning Theory 7(1): 51–70.
Richmond MA. 2018. Rio de Janeiro’s favela assemblage: Accounting for the durability of an unstable object. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36(6): 1045–1062.
Richmond MA. and Garmany J. 2016. ‘Post‐Third‐World City'or Neoliberal ‘City of Exception'? Rio de Janeiro in the Olympic Era. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 40(3), 621-639.
Rocha LM., Leite M., Farias J. and de Carvalho MB. (eds). 2018. Militarização no Rio de Janeiro: da Pacificação á intervenção. Rio de Janeiro: Mórula Editorial.
Rolnik R. 2015. Guerra dos Lugares: A Colonizaao da Terra e da Moradia na Era das Finanas. São Paulo: Boitempo.
Rose G. 2006. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to the Interpretation of Visual Materials. London: Sage Publications.
Santos M. 2017. A Natureza do Espaço. São Paulo: Editora Universidade de São Paulo.
Silva DF. 2009. No-Bodies . Griffith Law Review 18(2), 212–36.
Simone A. 2004. For the City Yet to Come: Changing African Life in Four Cities. Durham: Duke University Press Books.
Simone A. 2011. The surfacing of urban life: A response to Colin McFarlane and Neil Brenner, David Madden and David Wachsmuth. City 15(3–4): 355–364.
Simone A. and Pieterse E. 2017. New Urban Worlds: Inhabiting Dissonant Times. Kindle edition: John Wiley & Sons.
Souza J. 2005. Ralé Brasileira. Quem é e Como Vive. Belo Horizonte: UFMG.
Souza J. 2007. The Singularity of the Peripheral Social Inequality. In: Sinder V. and Souza J. (eds). Imagining Brazil. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Souza, J. 2010. Os batalhadores brasileiros: nova classe média ou nova classe trabalhadora?. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Souza J. 2017. Inequality in Capitalist Societies. Jodhka SS. and Rehbein B. (eds). New York: Routledge.
Unidades de Policia Pacificadora (UPP). 2013. Unidades de Policia Pacificadora - O que são? Instituto de Segurança Pública. Available at: http://www.isp.rj.gov.br/Conteudo.asp?ident=101 (accessed 20 February 2019).
Vainer C. 2011. Cidade de Exceção: Reflexões a Partir do Rio de Janeiro. Anais do XIV Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Planejamento Urbano (ANPUR), vol. 14.
Telles E. 2006. Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. Princeton University Press: Kindle edition.
Valladares L. 2006. La favela d’un siècle à l’autre : Mythe d’origine, discours scientifiques et représentations virtuelles. Paris: Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.
Vargas JHC. 2008. Never Meant to Survive: Genocide and Utopias in Black Diaspora Communities. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Vargas JHC. 2004. Hyperconsciousness of Race and Its Negation: The Dialectic of White Supremacy in Brazil. Identities 11(4), 443–70.
Wacquant L. 2008. The Militarization of Urban Marginality: Lessons from the Brazilian Metropolis. International Political Sociology 2(1): 56–74.
Zaluar A. and Alvito M. (eds). 2006. Um século de favela. Rio de Janeiro: FGV Editora.
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Published
2019-12-16
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Håndlykken-Luz, Åsne. (2019). Polyhedron of Powers, Displacements, Socio-Spatial Negotiations and Residents’ Everyday Experiences in a “Pacified” Favela. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 18(6), 1321–1346. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v18i6.1835
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