Racial Capitalism, the Free Trade Zone of Pacific Alliance, and Colombian Utopic Spatialities of Anti-Blackness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1757Keywords:
antiblackness, racial capitalism, necro(bio)politics, accumulation as evisceration, surplus existenceAbstract
The port-city of Buenaventura (in the Colombian Pacific coast) is at the center of national and international geopolitical interest as “the capital of the Pacific Alliance”, a US$ 3 trillion trade bloc formed by Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Peru to advance regional integration and cross-pacific trade. At the same time, the city is also known for extraordinary levels of gruesome violence, dismembered dead bodies floating in the low-tide area of port-expansion being its most visible aspect. In this article, we ask: How is racial terror tied to such a promising future for capitalist development? How can we theorize the dynamics of capital’s flow, economic expansion and global integration in this Fanonian zone of nonbeing? To answer these questions, we first analyze the colonial geography of this predominantly Black port-city as well as its place in the geographic imaginary of Colombia. Then, in dialogue with literature on multiple dimensions of racial capitalism and structural antiblackness such as racialized surplus populations and social death, we analyze some spatial dynamics that dialectically produce Buenaventura simultaneously as a dystopic and a value-producing spatiality that repositions Colombia in the global economy. Finally, borrowing from Rhonda Williams’ analysis of racialized dispossession as “accumulation-as-evisceration,” we provide some reflection on the racially-driven eviscerating politics of capital-making in this port-city as it relates to current global geopolitics as well as to lasting antiblack injustices in Colombia and beyond.
References
Acosta, Ivan Aeljandro Trujillo. 2014. Sobre las ventajas de la Alianza del Pacífico para Colombia. Prolegómenos, 17(33):159-172.
Alianza Pacifico. 2018. “¿Qué es la Alianza?” August 2, 2018. https://alianzapacifico.net/que-es-la-alianza/ (retrieved August 18, 2019).
Alves, Jaime. A., and Vergara-Figueroa, Aurora. 2019. En la Sucursal del Cielo (In the Branch of Paradise): Geographies of Privilege and Black Social Suffering in Cali, Colombia. In Ollie Johnson & Kwame Dixon (Eds.), Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America (pp. 201-228). New York: Routledge.
Alves, Jaime A. 2018. The Anti-Black City: Police Terror and Black Urban Life in Brazil. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.
Asher, Kiran and Ojeda, Diana. 2009. Producing nature and making the state: Ordenamiento territorial in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Geoforum, 40(3):292-302.
Aprile-Gniset, Jacques. 2002. Hábitats y Sociedades del Pacífico. Cali: Editorial Universidad Del Valle.
Bernal, Carlos Andrés Arroyave. 2012. Eugenesia en Colombia: Una reflexion teorica desde lose studios sociales de la ciencia. Medicina 34(4): 354-362.
Bonilla, Maria Elvira. 2014. Los Verdaderos Dueños de Buenaventura. Las Dos Orillas, Abril 21, 2014. https://www.las2orillas.co/los-multimillonarios-duenos-del-puerto-de-buenaventura/ (retrieved October 18, 2019).
Cancillería de Colombia. 2014. Alianza del Pacífico ya está impactando positivamente a los ciudadanos de nuestras cuatro naciones: Presidente Santos. Feb 10, 2014. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/2014-02-10/8557 (retrieved August 18, 2019).
Castro-Gómez, Santiago. 2007. ¿ Disciplinar o poblar? La intelectualidad colombiana frente a la biopolítica (1904-1934). Nómadas 26: 44-55.
Caracol. 2017. La radiografía del desempleo en Buenaventura. TV Caracol. May 27, 217. https://noticias.caracoltv.com/cali/la-radiografia-del-desempleo-en-buenaventura-que-completa-diez-dias-de-paro-civico (retrieved Feb 20, 2019).
CNMH. 2015. Buenaventura: un Puerto sin Comunidad. Bogotá: Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica.
Comite del Paro Civico. 2017. Comunicado Publico. May 20, 2017. https://choco.org/pronunciamiento-8-del-comite-del-paro-civico-buenaventura/ (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Colombia Reports. 2018. Drug Trafficking in Colombia. May 27, 2018. https://colombiareports.com/drug-trafficking-in-colombia/ (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Díaz Vargas, Álvaro Hernán. 2015. Buenaventura: Ciudad-puerto o puerto sin ciudad. PhD dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá.
Dade, Carlo & Meacham, Carl. 2013. The Pacific Alliance: An example of lessons learned. Bulletin of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies–CSIS, Washington, DC.
DANE. 2005. Análise Regional de los Principales Indicadores Sociodemográficos de la Comunidad Afrocolombiana y Indígena. Census 2005. https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/Afro_indicadores_sociodemograficos_censo2005.pdf (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Defensoria del Pueblo. 2017. Informe del Paro Civico. July 10, 2017. http://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/INFORME-PARO-CIVICO-BUENAVENTURA_v2.pdf (retrieved January 20, 2019).
Dinero. 2013. Buenaventura, la capital de la Alianza Pacífico. June 6, 2013.
https://www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/buenaventura-capital-alianza-pacifico/178796 (retrieved January 20, 2019).
El País. 2014. La Alianza del Pacífico elimina los aranceles para el 92% de los productos. Feb 10, 2014. https://elpais.com/internacional/2014/02/11/actualidad/1392076207_510966.html (retrieved January 10, 2019).
El País. 2018. Comercio exterior tuvo un repunte por Buenaventura en 2017. January 29, 2018.https://www.elpais.com.co/economia/comercio-exterior-tuvo-un-repunte-por-buenaventura-en-2017.html (retrieved January 10, 2019).
El País. 2018. Buenaventura sigue disminuyendo cifras de criminalidad. March 30. 2018. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/buenaventura-sigue-disminuyendo-cifras-de-criminalidad.html (retrieved April 15, 2018).
El País. 2018. Caos en Buenaventura. June 10, 2018. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/caos-en-buenaventura-disparos-saqueos-enfrentamientos-y-toque-de-queda.html (retrieved Feb 16, 2019).
El País. 2017. Las cifras de la crisis en Buenaventura. May 22, 2017. http://www.elpais.com.co/valle/las-cifras-de-la-crisis-en-buenaventura-el-principal-puerto-sobre-el-Pacifico.html. (retrieved Feb 16, 2019).
El País. 2017. Buenaventura no se rinde. May 22, 2017. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/buenaventura-no-se-rinde-corearon-miles-de-personas.html (retrieved Feb 16, 2019).
El Tiempo. 1992. Listo Plan Pacifico. Abril 23, 1992. http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-106018 (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Fanon, Fanon. 1969. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Penguin Books.
Figueroa, José Javier Capera & Ismael Cáceres-Correa. 2015. Racialización y estratificación social: violencia, despojo y hambruna. El caso de Buenaventura, Colombia. Revista nuestrAmérica 3 (6): 11-17.
Foucault, Michael. 1990. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, volume I. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage.
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. 2007. Golden gulag: Prisons, surplus, crisis, and opposition in globalizing California. San Franciosco: Univ of California Press.
Gill, Stephen. 2017. Colombian Government reach agreement to end strike. Colombia Reports, June 6, 2017. https://colombiareports.com/colombias-government-reach-agreement-end-strike-largest-port-city/ (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Hartman, Saidiya. 2016. The Belly of the World: A Note on Black Women’s Labors. Souls, 18(1): 166-173
Harrison, Faye. 2018. From Standing Rock to flint and beyond: resisting neoliberal assaults on indigenous, maroon, and other sites of racially subjected community sustainability in the Americas. ABYA-YALA: Revista sobre acesso á justiça e direitos nas Américas, 2(1):70-89.
Human Right Watch. 2014. The Crisis in Buenaventura Disappearances, Dismemberment, and Displacement in Colombia's Main Pacific Port, Executive Report Human Rights Watch, Washington.
Hong, Grace. 2012. Existentially surplus: Women of color feminism and the new crises of capitalism. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 18(1): 87-106.
Jaichand, Vinodh & Andrade, Alexandre Sampaio. 2013. Dam and be damned: the adverse impacts of Belo Monte on indigenous peoples in Brazil. Human Rights Quarterly (35): 408-422.
Jung, Moon-Kie. 2019. The Enslaved, the Worker, and Du Bois’s Black Reconstruction: Toward an Underdiscipline of Antisociology. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5(2): 157-168.
Jiménez Pérez, Nayibe & Delgado Moreno, Wilson. 2008. La política pública de privatización del sector portuario y su impacto en la organización del trabajo en el puerto de Buenaventura. Pensamiento & Gestión 25: 178-213.
La República. 2010. Buenaventura una década en desarrollo. August 18, 2010. https://issuu.com/diario_larepublica/docs/1buenaventura20100820 (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Lozano, Betty Ruth. 2016. Asesinato de Mujeres y Acumulacion Global. Sep 10, 2016. http://observatoriofeminicidioscolombia.org/attachments/article/255/Betty-Ruth-Lozano-ASESINATO-DE-MUJERES-Y-ACUMULACI%C3%93N-GLOBAL.pdf (retrieved October 12, 2019).
Loperena, Christopher. 2017. Settler violence?: race and emergent frontiers of progress in Honduras. American Quarterly, 69(4): 801-807.
McIntyre, Michael & Nast, Heidi. 2011. Bio (necro) polis: Marx, surplus populations, and the spatial dialectics of reproduction and “race.” Antipode 43 (5): 1465-1488.
Mbembe, Achille. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mullings, Beverley; Marion Werner & Linda Peake. 2010. Fear and Loathing in Haiti: Race and Politics of Humanitarian Dispossession. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 9(3): 282-300.
Noticias Caracol. 2017. La Radiografia del Desempleo en Buenaventura. Available at https://noticias.caracoltv.com/cali/la-radiografia-del-desempleo-en-buenaventura-que-completa-diez-dias-de-paro-civico (retrieved October 10, 2019).
Nicholls, Kelly & Sánchez-Garzoli, Gimena. 2011. Buenaventura, Colombia: Where Free Trade Meets Mass Graves. NACLA Report, August 16, 2011 https://nacla.org/article/buenaventura-colombia-where-free-trade-meets-mass-graves (retrieved February 20, 2019).
Oslender, Ulrich. 2007. Violence in development: the logic of forced displacement on Colombia's Pacific coast. Development in Practice, 17(6): 752-764.
Oslender, Ulrich. 2008a. Another history of violence: the production of “geographies of terror” in Colombia's Pacific coast region. Latin American Perspectives, 35(5): 77-102.
Pérez-Valbuena, Gerson Javier. 2008. Historia, geografía y puerto como determinantes de la situación social de Buenaventura. In Joaquín Viloria De la Hoz (Ed.), Economías del Pacifico Colombiano (pp.55-85). Cartagena: Banco de la República.
Peru Reports. 2018. Mila: Mercado Integrado Latino Americano. Available at https://perureports.com/latin-american-integrated-market-mila/ (retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Portal Portuário. 2018. Sociedad Portuária mobiliza 15 millones de toneladas en 2017. January 19, 2018. https://portalportuario.cl/colombia-sociedad-portuaria-buenaventura-moviliza-159-millones-toneladas-2017/ retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Pulido, Laura. 2016. Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(3): 1-16.
Quiñonez, Santiago Arboleda. 2016. Plan Colombia: descivilización, genocidio, etnocidio y destierro afrocolombiano. Nómadas, (45): 75-89.
Ramírez Torres, Danny. 2017. Feminicidios en las economías criminales de Buenaventura: Una perspectiva desde el Territorio y las relaciones de Género. Bogota: P.hD Dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Robinson, Cedric. 2000. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Rodgers, Dennis & Bruce O’Neill. 2015. Infrastructural violence: Introduction to the special issue. Ethnography 13 (4): 401-412.
Rodríguez, Enrique., & Sánchez, Jose. 2011. Imagen de región y procesos de construcción de ciudad en el Pacífico colombiano: los casos de Buenaventura y Tumaco. Sociedad y Economía, (2): 49-71.
Reuters. 2017. Colombia protest holding back cargo from Buenaventura port. may 24, 217. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-colombia-strike/colombia-protest-holding-back-cargo-from-buenaventura-port-idUKKBN18K272 (retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Saavedra, Ana Maria. 2017. La 'noche de furia' que llenó de lágrimas y terror a Buenaventura. May 21, 2017. http://www.elpais.com.co/valle/la-noche-de-furia-que-lleno-de-lagrimas-y-terror-a-buenaventura.html (retrieved January 19, 2019).
Saavedra, Ana Maria. 2013. En el Día de las Víctimas, Buenaventura reclama acciones reales contra los victimarios. Abril 9, 2013. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/en-el-dia-de-las-victimas-buenaventura-reclama-acciones-reales-contra-los-victimarios.html (retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Singh, Nikhil Pal. 2016. On race, violence, and so-called primitive accumulation. Social Text 34(3): 27-50.
Stuart, Forrest. 2011. Race, space, and the regulation of surplus labor: Policing African Americans in Los Angeles's skid row. Souls 13(2): 197-212.
Urrea, Fernando; Carlos Viáfara & Mara Viveros. 2014. From whitened miscegenation to tri ethnic multiculturalism. In: Edward Telles (Ed.), Ethnicity, Race and Color in Latin America (pp.123-153). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Vargas, João Costa. 2017. Por uma Mudança de Paradigma: antinegritude e antagonismo estrutural. Revista de Ciências Sociais: RCS, 48(2): 83-105.
Valencia, Inge Helena; Silva Chica, Laura & Moreno, Alejandro. 2016. Violencia, desarrollo y despojo en Buenaventura. Working Papers. Bogota: Freidrich Ebert Stiftung.
Valencia, Inge. 2013. Entre el business y las vueltas: narcotráfico y sociabilidades en regiones de frontera en Colombia. Boletín Polis, 12(1):12-16.
Vergara-Figueroa, Aurora. 2018. Afrodescendant Resistance to Deracination in Colombia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Viáfara, Carlos & Urrea, Fernando. 2006. Efectos de la raza y el género en el logro educativo y estatus socio-ocupacional para tres ciudades colombianas. Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad 58: 115-163.
Yates, Michelle. 2011. The human‐as‐waste, the labor theory of value and disposability in contemporary capitalism. Antipode 43(5):1679-1695.
Wilderson, Frank. 2010. Red, white & black: Cinema and the structure of US antagonisms. Duke University Press.
Williams, Rhonda. 2013. Accumulation as Evisceration: Urban Rebellion and the New Growth Dynamics.” In Robert Gooding-Williams (Ed.), Reading Rodney King/reading Urban Uprising (pp.74-96). New York, Routledge.
Zeiderman, Austin. 2016. Submergence: Precarious Politics in Colombia's Future Port‐City. Antipode, 48(3): 809-831.
Alianza Pacifico. 2018. “¿Qué es la Alianza?” August 2, 2018. https://alianzapacifico.net/que-es-la-alianza/ (retrieved August 18, 2019).
Alves, Jaime. A., and Vergara-Figueroa, Aurora. 2019. En la Sucursal del Cielo (In the Branch of Paradise): Geographies of Privilege and Black Social Suffering in Cali, Colombia. In Ollie Johnson & Kwame Dixon (Eds.), Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America (pp. 201-228). New York: Routledge.
Alves, Jaime A. 2018. The Anti-Black City: Police Terror and Black Urban Life in Brazil. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.
Asher, Kiran and Ojeda, Diana. 2009. Producing nature and making the state: Ordenamiento territorial in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Geoforum, 40(3):292-302.
Aprile-Gniset, Jacques. 2002. Hábitats y Sociedades del Pacífico. Cali: Editorial Universidad Del Valle.
Bernal, Carlos Andrés Arroyave. 2012. Eugenesia en Colombia: Una reflexion teorica desde lose studios sociales de la ciencia. Medicina 34(4): 354-362.
Bonilla, Maria Elvira. 2014. Los Verdaderos Dueños de Buenaventura. Las Dos Orillas, Abril 21, 2014. https://www.las2orillas.co/los-multimillonarios-duenos-del-puerto-de-buenaventura/ (retrieved October 18, 2019).
Cancillería de Colombia. 2014. Alianza del Pacífico ya está impactando positivamente a los ciudadanos de nuestras cuatro naciones: Presidente Santos. Feb 10, 2014. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/2014-02-10/8557 (retrieved August 18, 2019).
Castro-Gómez, Santiago. 2007. ¿ Disciplinar o poblar? La intelectualidad colombiana frente a la biopolítica (1904-1934). Nómadas 26: 44-55.
Caracol. 2017. La radiografía del desempleo en Buenaventura. TV Caracol. May 27, 217. https://noticias.caracoltv.com/cali/la-radiografia-del-desempleo-en-buenaventura-que-completa-diez-dias-de-paro-civico (retrieved Feb 20, 2019).
CNMH. 2015. Buenaventura: un Puerto sin Comunidad. Bogotá: Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica.
Comite del Paro Civico. 2017. Comunicado Publico. May 20, 2017. https://choco.org/pronunciamiento-8-del-comite-del-paro-civico-buenaventura/ (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Colombia Reports. 2018. Drug Trafficking in Colombia. May 27, 2018. https://colombiareports.com/drug-trafficking-in-colombia/ (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Díaz Vargas, Álvaro Hernán. 2015. Buenaventura: Ciudad-puerto o puerto sin ciudad. PhD dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá.
Dade, Carlo & Meacham, Carl. 2013. The Pacific Alliance: An example of lessons learned. Bulletin of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies–CSIS, Washington, DC.
DANE. 2005. Análise Regional de los Principales Indicadores Sociodemográficos de la Comunidad Afrocolombiana y Indígena. Census 2005. https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/Afro_indicadores_sociodemograficos_censo2005.pdf (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Defensoria del Pueblo. 2017. Informe del Paro Civico. July 10, 2017. http://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/pdf/INFORME-PARO-CIVICO-BUENAVENTURA_v2.pdf (retrieved January 20, 2019).
Dinero. 2013. Buenaventura, la capital de la Alianza Pacífico. June 6, 2013.
https://www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/buenaventura-capital-alianza-pacifico/178796 (retrieved January 20, 2019).
El País. 2014. La Alianza del Pacífico elimina los aranceles para el 92% de los productos. Feb 10, 2014. https://elpais.com/internacional/2014/02/11/actualidad/1392076207_510966.html (retrieved January 10, 2019).
El País. 2018. Comercio exterior tuvo un repunte por Buenaventura en 2017. January 29, 2018.https://www.elpais.com.co/economia/comercio-exterior-tuvo-un-repunte-por-buenaventura-en-2017.html (retrieved January 10, 2019).
El País. 2018. Buenaventura sigue disminuyendo cifras de criminalidad. March 30. 2018. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/buenaventura-sigue-disminuyendo-cifras-de-criminalidad.html (retrieved April 15, 2018).
El País. 2018. Caos en Buenaventura. June 10, 2018. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/caos-en-buenaventura-disparos-saqueos-enfrentamientos-y-toque-de-queda.html (retrieved Feb 16, 2019).
El País. 2017. Las cifras de la crisis en Buenaventura. May 22, 2017. http://www.elpais.com.co/valle/las-cifras-de-la-crisis-en-buenaventura-el-principal-puerto-sobre-el-Pacifico.html. (retrieved Feb 16, 2019).
El País. 2017. Buenaventura no se rinde. May 22, 2017. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/buenaventura-no-se-rinde-corearon-miles-de-personas.html (retrieved Feb 16, 2019).
El Tiempo. 1992. Listo Plan Pacifico. Abril 23, 1992. http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-106018 (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Fanon, Fanon. 1969. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Penguin Books.
Figueroa, José Javier Capera & Ismael Cáceres-Correa. 2015. Racialización y estratificación social: violencia, despojo y hambruna. El caso de Buenaventura, Colombia. Revista nuestrAmérica 3 (6): 11-17.
Foucault, Michael. 1990. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, volume I. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage.
Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. 2007. Golden gulag: Prisons, surplus, crisis, and opposition in globalizing California. San Franciosco: Univ of California Press.
Gill, Stephen. 2017. Colombian Government reach agreement to end strike. Colombia Reports, June 6, 2017. https://colombiareports.com/colombias-government-reach-agreement-end-strike-largest-port-city/ (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Hartman, Saidiya. 2016. The Belly of the World: A Note on Black Women’s Labors. Souls, 18(1): 166-173
Harrison, Faye. 2018. From Standing Rock to flint and beyond: resisting neoliberal assaults on indigenous, maroon, and other sites of racially subjected community sustainability in the Americas. ABYA-YALA: Revista sobre acesso á justiça e direitos nas Américas, 2(1):70-89.
Human Right Watch. 2014. The Crisis in Buenaventura Disappearances, Dismemberment, and Displacement in Colombia's Main Pacific Port, Executive Report Human Rights Watch, Washington.
Hong, Grace. 2012. Existentially surplus: Women of color feminism and the new crises of capitalism. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 18(1): 87-106.
Jaichand, Vinodh & Andrade, Alexandre Sampaio. 2013. Dam and be damned: the adverse impacts of Belo Monte on indigenous peoples in Brazil. Human Rights Quarterly (35): 408-422.
Jung, Moon-Kie. 2019. The Enslaved, the Worker, and Du Bois’s Black Reconstruction: Toward an Underdiscipline of Antisociology. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5(2): 157-168.
Jiménez Pérez, Nayibe & Delgado Moreno, Wilson. 2008. La política pública de privatización del sector portuario y su impacto en la organización del trabajo en el puerto de Buenaventura. Pensamiento & Gestión 25: 178-213.
La República. 2010. Buenaventura una década en desarrollo. August 18, 2010. https://issuu.com/diario_larepublica/docs/1buenaventura20100820 (retrieved January 10, 2019).
Lozano, Betty Ruth. 2016. Asesinato de Mujeres y Acumulacion Global. Sep 10, 2016. http://observatoriofeminicidioscolombia.org/attachments/article/255/Betty-Ruth-Lozano-ASESINATO-DE-MUJERES-Y-ACUMULACI%C3%93N-GLOBAL.pdf (retrieved October 12, 2019).
Loperena, Christopher. 2017. Settler violence?: race and emergent frontiers of progress in Honduras. American Quarterly, 69(4): 801-807.
McIntyre, Michael & Nast, Heidi. 2011. Bio (necro) polis: Marx, surplus populations, and the spatial dialectics of reproduction and “race.” Antipode 43 (5): 1465-1488.
Mbembe, Achille. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mullings, Beverley; Marion Werner & Linda Peake. 2010. Fear and Loathing in Haiti: Race and Politics of Humanitarian Dispossession. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 9(3): 282-300.
Noticias Caracol. 2017. La Radiografia del Desempleo en Buenaventura. Available at https://noticias.caracoltv.com/cali/la-radiografia-del-desempleo-en-buenaventura-que-completa-diez-dias-de-paro-civico (retrieved October 10, 2019).
Nicholls, Kelly & Sánchez-Garzoli, Gimena. 2011. Buenaventura, Colombia: Where Free Trade Meets Mass Graves. NACLA Report, August 16, 2011 https://nacla.org/article/buenaventura-colombia-where-free-trade-meets-mass-graves (retrieved February 20, 2019).
Oslender, Ulrich. 2007. Violence in development: the logic of forced displacement on Colombia's Pacific coast. Development in Practice, 17(6): 752-764.
Oslender, Ulrich. 2008a. Another history of violence: the production of “geographies of terror” in Colombia's Pacific coast region. Latin American Perspectives, 35(5): 77-102.
Pérez-Valbuena, Gerson Javier. 2008. Historia, geografía y puerto como determinantes de la situación social de Buenaventura. In Joaquín Viloria De la Hoz (Ed.), Economías del Pacifico Colombiano (pp.55-85). Cartagena: Banco de la República.
Peru Reports. 2018. Mila: Mercado Integrado Latino Americano. Available at https://perureports.com/latin-american-integrated-market-mila/ (retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Portal Portuário. 2018. Sociedad Portuária mobiliza 15 millones de toneladas en 2017. January 19, 2018. https://portalportuario.cl/colombia-sociedad-portuaria-buenaventura-moviliza-159-millones-toneladas-2017/ retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Pulido, Laura. 2016. Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 27(3): 1-16.
Quiñonez, Santiago Arboleda. 2016. Plan Colombia: descivilización, genocidio, etnocidio y destierro afrocolombiano. Nómadas, (45): 75-89.
Ramírez Torres, Danny. 2017. Feminicidios en las economías criminales de Buenaventura: Una perspectiva desde el Territorio y las relaciones de Género. Bogota: P.hD Dissertation, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Robinson, Cedric. 2000. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
Rodgers, Dennis & Bruce O’Neill. 2015. Infrastructural violence: Introduction to the special issue. Ethnography 13 (4): 401-412.
Rodríguez, Enrique., & Sánchez, Jose. 2011. Imagen de región y procesos de construcción de ciudad en el Pacífico colombiano: los casos de Buenaventura y Tumaco. Sociedad y Economía, (2): 49-71.
Reuters. 2017. Colombia protest holding back cargo from Buenaventura port. may 24, 217. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-colombia-strike/colombia-protest-holding-back-cargo-from-buenaventura-port-idUKKBN18K272 (retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Saavedra, Ana Maria. 2017. La 'noche de furia' que llenó de lágrimas y terror a Buenaventura. May 21, 2017. http://www.elpais.com.co/valle/la-noche-de-furia-que-lleno-de-lagrimas-y-terror-a-buenaventura.html (retrieved January 19, 2019).
Saavedra, Ana Maria. 2013. En el Día de las Víctimas, Buenaventura reclama acciones reales contra los victimarios. Abril 9, 2013. https://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/en-el-dia-de-las-victimas-buenaventura-reclama-acciones-reales-contra-los-victimarios.html (retrieved Feb 12, 2019).
Singh, Nikhil Pal. 2016. On race, violence, and so-called primitive accumulation. Social Text 34(3): 27-50.
Stuart, Forrest. 2011. Race, space, and the regulation of surplus labor: Policing African Americans in Los Angeles's skid row. Souls 13(2): 197-212.
Urrea, Fernando; Carlos Viáfara & Mara Viveros. 2014. From whitened miscegenation to tri ethnic multiculturalism. In: Edward Telles (Ed.), Ethnicity, Race and Color in Latin America (pp.123-153). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Vargas, João Costa. 2017. Por uma Mudança de Paradigma: antinegritude e antagonismo estrutural. Revista de Ciências Sociais: RCS, 48(2): 83-105.
Valencia, Inge Helena; Silva Chica, Laura & Moreno, Alejandro. 2016. Violencia, desarrollo y despojo en Buenaventura. Working Papers. Bogota: Freidrich Ebert Stiftung.
Valencia, Inge. 2013. Entre el business y las vueltas: narcotráfico y sociabilidades en regiones de frontera en Colombia. Boletín Polis, 12(1):12-16.
Vergara-Figueroa, Aurora. 2018. Afrodescendant Resistance to Deracination in Colombia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Viáfara, Carlos & Urrea, Fernando. 2006. Efectos de la raza y el género en el logro educativo y estatus socio-ocupacional para tres ciudades colombianas. Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad 58: 115-163.
Yates, Michelle. 2011. The human‐as‐waste, the labor theory of value and disposability in contemporary capitalism. Antipode 43(5):1679-1695.
Wilderson, Frank. 2010. Red, white & black: Cinema and the structure of US antagonisms. Duke University Press.
Williams, Rhonda. 2013. Accumulation as Evisceration: Urban Rebellion and the New Growth Dynamics.” In Robert Gooding-Williams (Ed.), Reading Rodney King/reading Urban Uprising (pp.74-96). New York, Routledge.
Zeiderman, Austin. 2016. Submergence: Precarious Politics in Colombia's Future Port‐City. Antipode, 48(3): 809-831.
Downloads
Published
2020-04-15
How to Cite
Alves, J., & Ravidran, T. (2020). Racial Capitalism, the Free Trade Zone of Pacific Alliance, and Colombian Utopic Spatialities of Anti-Blackness. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 19(1), 187–209. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1757
Issue
Section
Research
License
Authors agree to publish their articles in ACME under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
