Neoliberal Settlement as Violent State Project
West Bank Settlement Homes and Real Estate Occupation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1743Keywords:
Neoliberalism, real estate, settlement, West Bank, architecture historyAbstract
Intense ideological debates over the legal status of West Bank settlements and political campaigns objecting to or demanding their removal largely neglect the underlying capitalist processes that construct these settlements. Building upon the rich scholarship on the interrelations of militarism and capitalism, this study explores the relationship between capitalist and militarist occupation through housing development. Pointing to neoliberalism as central to the ways in which militarism and capitalism have played out in Israeli settlement dynamics since 1967, this paper unpacks the mutual dependency of the Israeli settlement project on real estate capitalism and neoliberal governance. Through historical study of the planning, financing, construction, and architecture of settlement dwellings as real estate, as well as interviews and analysis of settler-produced historiographies, this paper identifies the Occupied Territories (OT) as Israel’s testing ground for neoliberal governance and political economy. It presents a complementary historiography for the settlement project, identifying three distinct periods of settlement as the product of housing real estate: neoliberal experimentation (1967-1994), housing militarization (1994-2005), and “real-estate-ization” (2005-present). Drawing on Maron and Shalev (2017) and Springer (2014), this paper discusses neoliberal settlement as a violent state project, challenging conceptions of neoliberalism as rationalism as well as settlement as a public-housing enterprise.
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Kahana, Freddie. 2011. Neither town nor village - Kibbutz architecture 1910-1990 Jerusalem, Yad Tabenkin.
Kallus, Rachel. and Hubert. Law-Yone. 2002. National home/personal home: public housing and the shaping of national space in Israel. European Planning Studies 10(6): 765-780.
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Kipfer, Stefan. and Kanishka. Goonewardena. 2013. Urban Marxism and the post-colonial question: Henri Lefebvre and ‘colonisation’. Historical Materialism 21(2): 76-116.
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Levinson, Chaim. 2013. The organization building illegal outposts in the territories is exposed. Ha'Aretz. Tel Aviv, Ha'Aretz. May 10, 2013.
Li, Darryl. 2006. The Gaza strip as laboratory. Journal of Palestine studies 35(2): 38-55.
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Lobao, Linda. M., Gregory. Hooks and Ann. R. Tickamyer. 2007. The sociology of spatial inequality, SUNY Press.
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Mann, Michael. 1987. The roots and contradictions of modern militarism. New Left Review (162): 35.
Maos, Jacob O., Moshe Inbar and Debora Shmueli (eds.) 2004. Contemporary Israeli Geography, Special Issue. Horizons in Geography (60-61).
Marcuse, Peter. 1978. Housing policy and the myth of the benevolent state. Social policy 9(3): 21-26.
Maron, Asa and Michael Shalev (eds.) 2017. Neoliberalism as a State Project: Changing the Political Economy of Israel, Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
Massey, Douglas. S. 2016. Confronting the Legacy of American Apartheid. Shared Prosperity in America's Communities. Susan Wachter and Lei. Ding (eds.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 91-102.
Matz, Aviva. 1986. Neither five minutes, nor half price: on the myth of West Bank settlements. Ma'ariv. Tel Aviv, Ma'ariv: 2-10.
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Misselwitz, Phillip and Tim Rieniets (eds.) 2006. City of collision: Jerusalem and the principles of conflict urbanism. Basel, Birkhäuser.
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Ofran, Hagit. and Michael. Sfard. 2017. Appeal to the Supreme Court on Amona lands. Jerusalem, Peace Now NGO.
Ong, Aihwa. 2006. Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship and sovereignty. Durham, Duke University Press.
Peri, Yoram. 1996. The radical social scientists and Israeli militarism. Israel Studies 1(2): 230-266.
Perugini, Nicola and Neve Gordon. 2015. The human right to dominate, New York: Oxford University Press.
Raanan, Zvi. 1980. Gush Emunim. Tel Aviv, Sifriat Poalim.
Ram, Uri. 2013. The Globalization of Israel: McWorld in Tel Aviv, Jihad in Jerusalem. New York, Routledge.
Rotbard, Sharon. 2008. Tower and Stockade: The mold for Israeli planning. Sedek (2): 36-49.
Rynhold, Jounathan and Dov Waxman. 2008. Ideological change and Israel's disengagement from Gaza. Political science quarterly 123(1): 11-37.
Sasson, Talia. 2005. Report on Unauthorized Outposts - Submitted to Prime Minister Ariel Sharon. Jerusalem, Prime Minister Office.
Sasson, Talia. 2015. On the brink of the abyss: Is the triumph of the settlements the end of Israeli democracy? Jerusalem, Keter Books.
Scott, James. 1998. Seeing like a state: how well-intentioned efforts to improve the human condition have failed, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Segal, Raffi., Eyal Weizman and David Tartakover (eds.) 2003. A civilian occupation: The politics of Israeli architecture. London, Verso Books.
Shadar, Hadas, Zvika Orr and Yael Maizel. 2011. Contested homes: Professionalism, hegemony, and architecture in times of change. Space and Culture 14(3): 269-290.
Shafat, Gershon. 1995. Gush-Emunim: the story behind the scenes. Beit El, Sifryat Beit El.
Shafir, Gershon and Jacob Peled (eds.) 2018. The new Israel: Peacemaking and Liberalization. London, Routledge.
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Published
2020-04-15
How to Cite
Allweil, Y. (2020). Neoliberal Settlement as Violent State Project: West Bank Settlement Homes and Real Estate Occupation. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 19(1), 70–105. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i1.1743
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