Downtown Asunción, Paraguay
A Democratic Place for Graffiti in Response to Rural Injustices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v18i3.1693Keywords:
graffiti, Paraguay, smallholders, soy, neoliberalizationAbstract
Since the end of President Stroessner’s 35-year dictatorship in 1989, the downtown area of Asunción, Paraguay’s capital, has become a center for protest, with numerous political graffiti pieces painted on public and private property. The president’s office and Congress are located in the same area. In this article, I examine political graffiti photographed in 2016 and 2017 in Downtown Asunción; I focus on pieces that comment directly on indirectly on rural issues. An analysis of graffiti messages identifies protest narratives against genetically modified crops and other land uses linked to conflicts between small-scale farmers and broad-scale agricultural producers. These graffiti pieces illustrate complex relationships among small-scale farmers, Asunción residents, and the Paraguayan state. In exploring the political discourses imbued in Downtown Asunción’s vandal graffiti, this article reveals an “intrinsically moral” urban project that seeks to challenge state neoliberal projects that contribute to rural injustices in Paraguay.
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El País. 2008. Latinoamérica se rompe por la droga. Los Gobiernos comparten el objetivo de acabar con el narcotráfico, pero se encuentran divididos a la hora de encarar el problema del consumo El País, lunes.
Elgert, L. 2016. ‘More soy on fewer farms’ in Paraguay: challenging neoliberal agriculture’s claims to sustainability. The Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (2):537–561.
Ezquerro-Cañete, A. 2016. Poisoned, dispossessed and excluded: A critique of the neoliberal soy regime in Paraguay. Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (4):702–710.
———. 2018. Paraguay: Class struggle on the extractive frontier. In The class struggle in Latin America: Making history today, eds. J. Petras and H. Veltmeyer, 182–206. London and New York: Routledge.
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Gomis Balestreri, M. 2016. Gobernabilidad en Honduras y Paraguay: reforma pública y cooperación internacional en rupturas presidenciales. Papel Político 21 (1):249–284.
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Hanauer, D. I. 2004. Silence, voice and erasure: psychological embodiment in graffiti at the site of Prime Minister Rabin’s assassination. The Arts in Psychotherapy 31 (1):29–35.
Hanauer, D. I. 2011. The discursive construction of the separation wall at Abu Dis: Graffiti as political discourse. Journal of Language and Politics 10 (3):301–321.
Heinze, G., and G. Armas-Castañeda. 2015. Public policies on the use of drugs in Mexico and Latin America. Drug Science, Policy and Law 2:2050324515611587.
Hetherington, K. 2013. BEANS BEFORE THE LAW: Knowledge Practices, Responsibility, and the Paraguayan Soy Boom. Cultural Anthropology 28 (1):65–85.
———. 2018. Peasants, Experts, Clients, and Soybeans: The Fixing of Paraguay’s Civil Service. Current Anthropology :S000–S000.
Huang, C., S. Kim, K. Song, J. R. G. Townshend, P. Davis, A. Altstatt, O. Rodas, A. Yanosky, R. Clay, C. J. Tucker, and J. Musinsky. 2009. Assessment of Paraguay’s forest cover change using Landsat observations. Global and Planetary Change 67 (1–2):1–12.
Irala, A. E., and H. J. Pereira Cardozo. 2016. Violencia armada y avance de la soja en el norte del Paraguay. Conflicto Social 9 (16):180–208.
Lambert, P. 2000. A decade of electoral democracy: continuity, change and crisis in Paraguay. Bulletin of Latin American Research 19 (3):379–396.
Latido Americano. 2017. Latido Americano. https://www.facebook.com/Latidoamericano-337882986312128/ (last accessed 16 August 2017).
Levy, C. 2013. Working towards Tekojojá: The political struggles of the Paraguayan left. Studies in Political Economy 92 (1):29–56.
Losch, B. 2015. Can We Still Only Think ‘Rural’? Bridging the rural–urban divide for rural transformation in a globalized world. Development 58 (2–3):169–176.
Marsteintredet, L., M. Llanos, and D. Nolte. 2013. Paraguay and the Politics of Impeachment. Journal of Democracy 24 (4):110–123.
Martens, J. 2014. El EPP es necesario y funcional para varios grupos de poder. Derechos Humanos en Paraguay 2014 :399–409.
McAuliffe, C. 2012. Graffiti or street art? Negotiating the moral geographies of the creative city. Journal of urban affairs 34 (2):189–206.
McSweeney, K., N. Richani, Z. Pearson, J. Devine, and D. J. Wrathall. 2017. Why Do Narcos Invest in Rural Land? Journal of Latin American Geography 16 (2):3–29.
MercoPress. 2017. Paraguayan guerrillas kidnap two Mennonite farmers in less than two weeks. http://en.mercopress.com/2017/09/02/paraguayan-guerrillas-kidnap-two-mennonite-farmers-in-less-than-two-weeks (last accessed 21 February 2018).
Mérida, J. L. M. 1973. Historia social de Paraguay, 1600-1650. Editorial CSIC-CSIC Press.
Moss, K. L. 2010. Cultural representation in Philadelphia murals: Images of resistance and sites of identity negotiation. Western Journal of Communication 74 (4):372–395.
Nickson, A. 1988. Tyranny and longevity: Stroessner’s Paraguay. Third World Quarterly 10 (1):237–259.
———. 1997. Corruption and the Transition. In The Transition to Democracy in Paraguay, eds. P. Lambert and A. Nickson, 24–44. Springer.
Pérez-Liñán, A. 2007. Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
Personal communication. 2016. Key informant in Canindeyú.
Pitts, B., R. Joyce, R. Sheptak, K. Hetherington, M. Castillo, and R. Ioris. 2016. 21st Century Golpismo: A NACLA Roundtable. NACLA Report on the Americas 48 (4):334–345.
PPP. 2015. Partido Paraguay Pyahura. http://www.partidoparaguaypyahura.blogspot.com/ (last accessed 14 March 2016).
Prensa PCP. 2010. El PCP retira el apoyo crítico a Fernando Lugo. Prensa del Partido Comunista Paraguayo. http://prensapartidocomunistaparaguayo.blogspot.com/2010/12/el-pcp-retira-el-apoyo-critico-fernando.html (last accessed 4 March 2018).
Richards, D. G. 2008. Transition and reform in a predatory state: the case of Paraguay. Journal of Economic Policy Reform 11 (2):101–114.
Richards, P. D. 2011. Soy, Cotton, and the Final Atlantic Forest Frontier. Professional Geographer 63 (3):343–363.
Romero, E. K. 2016. Film and democracy in Paraguay. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sack, R. D. 1999. A sketch of a geographic theory of morality. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89 (1):26–44.
SENAVITAT. 2017. Desde la Chacarita se transforma la cara de Asunción. Secretaría Nacional de la Vivienda y el Hábitat. https://www.senavitat.gov.py/blog/2017/04/04/desde-chacarita-se-transforma-la-cara-de-asuncion/ (last accessed 11 August 2017).
SERVINDI. 2018. Crece militarización en el norte de Paraguay. Campesinos... los más afectados. https://www.servindi.org/actualidad/96024 (last accessed 5 October 2018).
Sondrol, P. C. 2007. Paraguay: a semi-authoritarian regime? Armed Forces & Society 34 (1):46–66.
Stein, M. B. 1989. The politics of humor: the Berlin Wall in jokes and graffiti. Western Folklore 48 (2):85–108.
The Humanitarian Data Exchange. 2018. Paraguay administrative level 0, 1 and 2 boundaries. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/paraguay-administrative-level-0-boundaries (last accessed 15 June 2018).
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Published
2019-07-08
How to Cite
Cardozo, M. L. (2019). Downtown Asunción, Paraguay: A Democratic Place for Graffiti in Response to Rural Injustices. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 18(3), 606–641. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v18i3.1693
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