Fieldwork Undone
Knowing Cambodia's Land Grab Through Affective Encounters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v18i1.1636Keywords:
land grabs, feminist methods, affect, emotional geographies, encounter, CambodiaAbstract
Our field research on land conflict in Cambodia was thwarted on multiple fronts. In this paper, we reflect on how our field work was undone and show how this led us to advocate alternative methodologies for understanding violence in places where long-term ethnography may not be possible. Our assemblage of methods revealed land grabs as more than an object; we instead came to see it as a ‘networked object’ that is tied into, and made up of, wider webs of power unmoored from the moment of displacement, whose effects travel through bodies and across space. We shifted towards embracing the potency of affective encounters as moments that force us to look, interpret and think differently. We argue that attention to the feeling and embodiment of everyday encounters can lead to a different understanding of the violence of land conflict; a violence that works through bodies, across space, forecloses futures, and implicates the researcher within this system.
References
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Bakker, Karen and Gavin Bridge. 2006. Material worlds? Resource geographies and the `matter of nature'. Progress in Human Geography, 30(1), 5-27.
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Bondi, Liz. 2003. Empathy and identification: Conceptual resources for feminist fieldwork. ACME: An International e-Journal for Critical Geographies, 2(1): 64-76.
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Borras Jr., Saturnino. M and Jennifer C. Franco. 2011. Political dynamics of land grabbing in South East Asia. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
Brickell, Katherine. 2014. “The Whole World Is Watching”: Intimate Geopolitics of Forced Eviction and Women's Activism in Cambodia”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(6), 1256-1272.
Bujosa Segado, Margarita. 2016. From My Gut: Reflecting on My Deportation from Cambodia. The Cambodia Daily 1 September.
Caretta, Martina Angela and Johanna Carolina Jokinen. 2017. Conflating Privilege and Vulnerability: A Reflexive Analysis of Emotions and Positionality in Postgraduate Fieldwork. The Professional Geographer, 69(2), 275-283.
Clark, Janine A. 2006. Field Research Methods in the Middle East. PS: Political Science & Politics, 39(3), 417–424.
Connell, Jessie. and Mark Grimsditch. 2017. “Forced Relocation in Cambodia”. In Katherine Brickell and Simon Springer (eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia (pp. 223-233). Oxford: Routledge.
Cotula, Lorenzo, Sonja Vermeulen, Rebecca Leonard and James Keeley. 2009. Land Grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural investments and international land deals in Africa. London/Rome: IIED, FAO and IFAD.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A thousand plateaus. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. 2000. Proust and Signs: The Complete Text. Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
Diepart, Jean-Christophe and Sem Thol. 2018. Fragmented territories: incomplete enclosures and agrarian change on the agricultural frontier of Samlaut district, north-west Cambodia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 18(1) 156-77.
Diepart, Jean-Christophe and Laura Schoenberger. 2017. “Concessions in Cambodia: Governing Profits, Extending State Power and Enclosing Resources from the Colonial Era to the Present. In Katherine Brickell and Simon Springer (eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia (pp. 157-168). Oxford: Routledge.
Drewsbury, J.D., and Naylor, S. 2002. Practicing geographical knowledge: fields, bodies and dissemination. Area, 34(4), 253–260.
Dwyer, Michael B. 2015. The formalization fix? Land titling, land concessions and the politics of spatial transparency in Cambodia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(5), 903-928.
Dyck, Isabel. 2011. Embodied life. In Vincent. J. Del Casino Jr., Mary E. Thomas, Paul Cloke, and Ruth Panelli (Eds.), A companion to social geography (pp. 346–361). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Faier, Lieba, and Lisa Rofel. 2014. Ethnographies of Encounter. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43(1), 363–377.
Gentile, Michael. 2013. Meeting the “organs”: the tacit dilemma of field research in authoritarian states. Area, 45(4), 426–432.
Gibson-Graham, J. K. 2006. A postcapitalist politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Global Witness. 2010. Shifting Sand: How Singapore’s demand for Cambodian sand threatens ecosystems and undermines good governance. London.
Griffiths, Mark. 2016. Writing the body, writing Others: a story of transcendence and potential in volunteering for development. The Geographical Journal. Online Version of Record.
------. 2014. Transcendence and potential: the volunteer-host encounter and embodied development imaginaries. A paper presented at the Southeast Asia Geographers Association Annual Meeting. 26-28 November 2014, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
Halberstam, Jack. 2011. The queer art of failure. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Hall, Derek. 2013. Primitive Accumulation, Accumulation by Dispossession and the Global Land Grab. Third World Quarterly, 34(9), 1582–1604.
Haraway, Donna. 1988. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599.
-------. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
Harding, Sandra. 1986. The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Harrowell, Elly, Thom Davies, and Tom Disney. 2017. Making Space for Failure in Geographic Research. The Professional Geographer 0:0, 1-9.
Harvey, David. 2000. Spaces of hope. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Hiemstra, Nancy. 2017. Periscoping as a Feminist Methodological Approach for Researching the Seemingly Hidden. The Professional Geographer, 69(2), 329–336.
Keene, Sara, Marigold Walsh-Dilley, Wendy Wolford and Charles Geisler. 2015. A view from the top: examining elites in large-scale land deals. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue Canadienne D’études du Développement, 36(2), 131–146.
Kent, Alexandra. 2014. Conflict continues: Transitioning into a battle for property in Cambodia today. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 47(1), 3-23.
Koch, Natalie. 2013. Introduction - Field methods in “closed contexts”: undertaking research in authoritarian states and places. Area, 45(4), 390–395.
Lamb, Vanessa, Laura Schoenberger, Carl Middleton and Un Borin. 2017. Gendered eviction, protest and recovery: a feminist political ecology engagement with land grabbing in rural Cambodia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(6), 1215-1234.
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the social. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lawson, Victoria. (2007). Introduction: Geographies of Fear and Hope. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 335–337.
Le Billon, Philippe. 2002. Logging in muddy waters: The politics of forest exploitation in Cambodia. Critical Asian Studies, 34(4), 563–586.
Le Billon, Philippe and Simon Springer. 2007. Between War and Peace: Violence and Accommodation in the Cambodian Logging Sector. In D. Donovan & K. Abe (Eds.), Extreme Conflict and Tropical Forests (pp. 17–36). New York: Springer.
Li, Tania. 2015. After the Land Grab: Infrastructural Violence and Indonesia’s Oil Palm Zone. A paper presented at the conference on Land grabbing, conflict and agrarian‐environmental transformations: perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, Chiang Mai, June 5-6 2015.
Lilja, Mona. 2008. Power, resistance and women politicians in Cambodia: discourses of emancipation. Copenhagen: NIAS.
Maček, Ivana. 2014. Engaging violence: Trauma, memory and representation. New York: Routledge.
Massey, Doreen B. 2005. For space. London: Sage.
Massumi, Brian. 1995. The Autonomy of Affect. Cultural Critique, 31(Autumn), 83-109
Milne, Sarah. 2015. Cambodia’s Unofficial Regime of Extraction: Illicit Logging in the Shadow of Transnational Governance and Investment. Critical Asian Studies, 47(2), 200–228.
Moss, Pamela. 1993. Focus: Feminism As Method. The Canadian Geographer, 37(1), 48–49.
------. 1995 Embeddedness in practice, numbers in context: The politics of knowing and doing. The Professional Geographer, 47 (4): 442–49.
Mountz, Alison. 2004. Embodying the nation-state: Canada’s response to human smuggling. Political Geography, 23, 323–345.
Müller, Martin and Carolin Schurr. 2016. Assemblage thinking and actor-network theory: conjunctions, disjunctions, cross-fertilisations. Transactions, 41(3): 217-229.
Roelvink, Gerda. 2016. Building Dignified Worlds: Geographies of Collective Action. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rose, Gillian. 1993. Feminism and geography: The limits of geographical knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
------. 1997. Situating knowledges: positionality, reflexivities and other tactics. Progress in Human Geography, 21(3), 305–320.
Ross, Karen. 2015. “No Sir, She Was Not a Fool in the Field”: Gendered Risks and Sexual Violence in Immersed Cross-Cultural Fieldwork, The Professional Geographer, 67(2), 180-186.
Schoenberger, Laura. 2017. Struggling against excuses: Winning back land in Cambodia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4): 870-890.
Schoenberger, Laura, Alice Beban and Vanessa Lamb. 2018. Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin: How loss of independent media in the 2017 crackdown shapes rural politics in Cambodia. Working Paper no. 70, Emancipatory Rural Politics Initiative.
Schoenberger, Laura and Alice Beban. 2018. “They turn us into criminals”: Embodiments of fear in Cambodian land grabbing. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24694452.2017.1420462
-------. 2017. What is academic research on the Cambodian frontier? Critical Asian Studies, 49 (3): 437-440.
Schoenberger, Laura, Derek Hall and Peter Vandergeest. 2017. What happened when the land grab came to Southeast Asia? Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4), 697-725
Scoones, Ian, Ruth Hall, Saturnino M. Borras Jr, White, Ben, and Wolford, Wendy. 2013. The politics of evidence: methodologies for understanding the global land rush. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 469-483.
Sek Odom and George Wright (2016). Deported Researcher Claims Officials Beat Her. The Cambodia Daily 1 September.
Smith, Sara. 2016. Intimacy and Angst in the Field. Gender, Place and Culture, 23(1), 134-146.
Springer, Simon. 2012. Illegal Evictions? Overwriting Possession and Orality with Law’s Violence in Cambodia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 13(4), 520-538.
Springer, Simon. 2013. Violent accumulation: A postanarchist critique of property, dispossession, and the state of exception in neoliberalizing Cambodia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(3), 608-626.
Sultana, Farhana. 2007. Reflexivity, Positionality and Participatory Ethics: Negotiating Fieldwork Dilemmas in International Research. ACME, 6(3), 374-385.
Turner, Sarah (ed.). 2013. Red stamps and gold stars: Fieldwork dilemmas in upland socialist Asia. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
Un Kheang and So Sokbunthoeun. 2011. Land rights in Cambodia: how neopatrimonial politics restricts land policy reform. Pacific Affairs, 84(2), 289–308.
White, Ben, Saturnino M. Borras Jr., Ruth Hall, Ian Scoones and Wendy Wolford. 2012. The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3–4), 619–647.
Wilson, Helen F. 2017. On geography and encounter. Progress in Human Geography, 41(4), 451–471.
Wolford, Wendy, Saturnino M. Borras Jr., Ruth Hall, Ian Scoones, and Ben White. 2013. Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Development and Change, 44(2), 189–210.
Woon, Chih Yuan. 2013. For “emotional fieldwork” in critical geopolitical research on violence and terrorism. Political Geography 33, 31–41.
Anderson, Ben. 2012. Affect and biopower: towards a politics of life. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 28–43.
Bakker, Karen and Gavin Bridge. 2006. Material worlds? Resource geographies and the `matter of nature'. Progress in Human Geography, 30(1), 5-27.
Beban, Alice, So Sokbunthoeun and Un Kheang. 2017. From Force to Legitimation. Development & Change, 48(3), 509–612.
Belcher, Oliver and Lauren L. Martin. 2013. Ethnographies of closed doors: conceptualising openness and closure in US immigration and military institutions. Area, 45(4), 403–410.
Billo, Emily and Nancy Hiemstra. 2013. Mediating messiness: expanding ideas of flexibility, reflexivity, and embodiment in fieldwork. Gender, Place & Culture, 20(3), 313-328.
Bondi, Liz. 2003. Empathy and identification: Conceptual resources for feminist fieldwork. ACME: An International e-Journal for Critical Geographies, 2(1): 64-76.
Borras Jr., Saturnino. M., Ruth Hall, Ian Scoones, Ben White and Wendy Wolford. 2011. Towards a better understanding of global land grabbing: an editorial introduction. Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(2), 209–216.
Borras Jr., Saturnino. M and Jennifer C. Franco. 2011. Political dynamics of land grabbing in South East Asia. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
Brickell, Katherine. 2014. “The Whole World Is Watching”: Intimate Geopolitics of Forced Eviction and Women's Activism in Cambodia”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(6), 1256-1272.
Bujosa Segado, Margarita. 2016. From My Gut: Reflecting on My Deportation from Cambodia. The Cambodia Daily 1 September.
Caretta, Martina Angela and Johanna Carolina Jokinen. 2017. Conflating Privilege and Vulnerability: A Reflexive Analysis of Emotions and Positionality in Postgraduate Fieldwork. The Professional Geographer, 69(2), 275-283.
Clark, Janine A. 2006. Field Research Methods in the Middle East. PS: Political Science & Politics, 39(3), 417–424.
Connell, Jessie. and Mark Grimsditch. 2017. “Forced Relocation in Cambodia”. In Katherine Brickell and Simon Springer (eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia (pp. 223-233). Oxford: Routledge.
Cotula, Lorenzo, Sonja Vermeulen, Rebecca Leonard and James Keeley. 2009. Land Grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural investments and international land deals in Africa. London/Rome: IIED, FAO and IFAD.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari. 1987. A thousand plateaus. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Deleuze, Gilles. 2000. Proust and Signs: The Complete Text. Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
Diepart, Jean-Christophe and Sem Thol. 2018. Fragmented territories: incomplete enclosures and agrarian change on the agricultural frontier of Samlaut district, north-west Cambodia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 18(1) 156-77.
Diepart, Jean-Christophe and Laura Schoenberger. 2017. “Concessions in Cambodia: Governing Profits, Extending State Power and Enclosing Resources from the Colonial Era to the Present. In Katherine Brickell and Simon Springer (eds) The Handbook of Contemporary Cambodia (pp. 157-168). Oxford: Routledge.
Drewsbury, J.D., and Naylor, S. 2002. Practicing geographical knowledge: fields, bodies and dissemination. Area, 34(4), 253–260.
Dwyer, Michael B. 2015. The formalization fix? Land titling, land concessions and the politics of spatial transparency in Cambodia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(5), 903-928.
Dyck, Isabel. 2011. Embodied life. In Vincent. J. Del Casino Jr., Mary E. Thomas, Paul Cloke, and Ruth Panelli (Eds.), A companion to social geography (pp. 346–361). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Faier, Lieba, and Lisa Rofel. 2014. Ethnographies of Encounter. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43(1), 363–377.
Gentile, Michael. 2013. Meeting the “organs”: the tacit dilemma of field research in authoritarian states. Area, 45(4), 426–432.
Gibson-Graham, J. K. 2006. A postcapitalist politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Global Witness. 2010. Shifting Sand: How Singapore’s demand for Cambodian sand threatens ecosystems and undermines good governance. London.
Griffiths, Mark. 2016. Writing the body, writing Others: a story of transcendence and potential in volunteering for development. The Geographical Journal. Online Version of Record.
------. 2014. Transcendence and potential: the volunteer-host encounter and embodied development imaginaries. A paper presented at the Southeast Asia Geographers Association Annual Meeting. 26-28 November 2014, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
Halberstam, Jack. 2011. The queer art of failure. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Hall, Derek. 2013. Primitive Accumulation, Accumulation by Dispossession and the Global Land Grab. Third World Quarterly, 34(9), 1582–1604.
Haraway, Donna. 1988. Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599.
-------. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
Harding, Sandra. 1986. The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Harrowell, Elly, Thom Davies, and Tom Disney. 2017. Making Space for Failure in Geographic Research. The Professional Geographer 0:0, 1-9.
Harvey, David. 2000. Spaces of hope. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
Hiemstra, Nancy. 2017. Periscoping as a Feminist Methodological Approach for Researching the Seemingly Hidden. The Professional Geographer, 69(2), 329–336.
Keene, Sara, Marigold Walsh-Dilley, Wendy Wolford and Charles Geisler. 2015. A view from the top: examining elites in large-scale land deals. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue Canadienne D’études du Développement, 36(2), 131–146.
Kent, Alexandra. 2014. Conflict continues: Transitioning into a battle for property in Cambodia today. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 47(1), 3-23.
Koch, Natalie. 2013. Introduction - Field methods in “closed contexts”: undertaking research in authoritarian states and places. Area, 45(4), 390–395.
Lamb, Vanessa, Laura Schoenberger, Carl Middleton and Un Borin. 2017. Gendered eviction, protest and recovery: a feminist political ecology engagement with land grabbing in rural Cambodia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(6), 1215-1234.
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the social. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lawson, Victoria. (2007). Introduction: Geographies of Fear and Hope. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 335–337.
Le Billon, Philippe. 2002. Logging in muddy waters: The politics of forest exploitation in Cambodia. Critical Asian Studies, 34(4), 563–586.
Le Billon, Philippe and Simon Springer. 2007. Between War and Peace: Violence and Accommodation in the Cambodian Logging Sector. In D. Donovan & K. Abe (Eds.), Extreme Conflict and Tropical Forests (pp. 17–36). New York: Springer.
Li, Tania. 2015. After the Land Grab: Infrastructural Violence and Indonesia’s Oil Palm Zone. A paper presented at the conference on Land grabbing, conflict and agrarian‐environmental transformations: perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, Chiang Mai, June 5-6 2015.
Lilja, Mona. 2008. Power, resistance and women politicians in Cambodia: discourses of emancipation. Copenhagen: NIAS.
Maček, Ivana. 2014. Engaging violence: Trauma, memory and representation. New York: Routledge.
Massey, Doreen B. 2005. For space. London: Sage.
Massumi, Brian. 1995. The Autonomy of Affect. Cultural Critique, 31(Autumn), 83-109
Milne, Sarah. 2015. Cambodia’s Unofficial Regime of Extraction: Illicit Logging in the Shadow of Transnational Governance and Investment. Critical Asian Studies, 47(2), 200–228.
Moss, Pamela. 1993. Focus: Feminism As Method. The Canadian Geographer, 37(1), 48–49.
------. 1995 Embeddedness in practice, numbers in context: The politics of knowing and doing. The Professional Geographer, 47 (4): 442–49.
Mountz, Alison. 2004. Embodying the nation-state: Canada’s response to human smuggling. Political Geography, 23, 323–345.
Müller, Martin and Carolin Schurr. 2016. Assemblage thinking and actor-network theory: conjunctions, disjunctions, cross-fertilisations. Transactions, 41(3): 217-229.
Roelvink, Gerda. 2016. Building Dignified Worlds: Geographies of Collective Action. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rose, Gillian. 1993. Feminism and geography: The limits of geographical knowledge. Cambridge: Polity Press.
------. 1997. Situating knowledges: positionality, reflexivities and other tactics. Progress in Human Geography, 21(3), 305–320.
Ross, Karen. 2015. “No Sir, She Was Not a Fool in the Field”: Gendered Risks and Sexual Violence in Immersed Cross-Cultural Fieldwork, The Professional Geographer, 67(2), 180-186.
Schoenberger, Laura. 2017. Struggling against excuses: Winning back land in Cambodia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4): 870-890.
Schoenberger, Laura, Alice Beban and Vanessa Lamb. 2018. Authoritarian rule shedding its populist skin: How loss of independent media in the 2017 crackdown shapes rural politics in Cambodia. Working Paper no. 70, Emancipatory Rural Politics Initiative.
Schoenberger, Laura and Alice Beban. 2018. “They turn us into criminals”: Embodiments of fear in Cambodian land grabbing. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24694452.2017.1420462
-------. 2017. What is academic research on the Cambodian frontier? Critical Asian Studies, 49 (3): 437-440.
Schoenberger, Laura, Derek Hall and Peter Vandergeest. 2017. What happened when the land grab came to Southeast Asia? Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4), 697-725
Scoones, Ian, Ruth Hall, Saturnino M. Borras Jr, White, Ben, and Wolford, Wendy. 2013. The politics of evidence: methodologies for understanding the global land rush. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 469-483.
Sek Odom and George Wright (2016). Deported Researcher Claims Officials Beat Her. The Cambodia Daily 1 September.
Smith, Sara. 2016. Intimacy and Angst in the Field. Gender, Place and Culture, 23(1), 134-146.
Springer, Simon. 2012. Illegal Evictions? Overwriting Possession and Orality with Law’s Violence in Cambodia. Journal of Agrarian Change, 13(4), 520-538.
Springer, Simon. 2013. Violent accumulation: A postanarchist critique of property, dispossession, and the state of exception in neoliberalizing Cambodia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(3), 608-626.
Sultana, Farhana. 2007. Reflexivity, Positionality and Participatory Ethics: Negotiating Fieldwork Dilemmas in International Research. ACME, 6(3), 374-385.
Turner, Sarah (ed.). 2013. Red stamps and gold stars: Fieldwork dilemmas in upland socialist Asia. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
Un Kheang and So Sokbunthoeun. 2011. Land rights in Cambodia: how neopatrimonial politics restricts land policy reform. Pacific Affairs, 84(2), 289–308.
White, Ben, Saturnino M. Borras Jr., Ruth Hall, Ian Scoones and Wendy Wolford. 2012. The new enclosures: critical perspectives on corporate land deals. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3–4), 619–647.
Wilson, Helen F. 2017. On geography and encounter. Progress in Human Geography, 41(4), 451–471.
Wolford, Wendy, Saturnino M. Borras Jr., Ruth Hall, Ian Scoones, and Ben White. 2013. Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Development and Change, 44(2), 189–210.
Woon, Chih Yuan. 2013. For “emotional fieldwork” in critical geopolitical research on violence and terrorism. Political Geography 33, 31–41.
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Published
2019-01-28
How to Cite
Beban, A., & Schoenberger, L. (2019). Fieldwork Undone: Knowing Cambodia’s Land Grab Through Affective Encounters. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 18(1), 77–103. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v18i1.1636
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