“Cities in Fear“
Media Representations of Single Repeat Perpetrators and Gendered and Racialized Fear of Violence in Public Space
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i2.1615Keywords:
Fear, single repeat perpetrators, gendered violence, racist threats, public space, SwedenAbstract
In Sweden, several cases of single repeat perpetrators in public spaces have raised public concern. These cases all represent situations in which one individual perpetrator affects a larger group of people in a specific time and place. By analysing journalistic reporting of four cities/towns described as “in fear” based on the acts of three separate serial rapists/sexual offenders and one shooter, I intersectionally examine responses and reactions to such specific threat to be able to contribute to a better understanding of how fear of violence affects urban geographical imaginations. These four cases in Sweden (The Haga Man, the Örebro Man, the Hagfors Man, and the Malmö Shooter) involve a consideration of how one specific individual influences narratives of fear and crime as a generalized pattern of gendered and racialized fear of violence in public space. The analysis revealed two different but interdependent stories, one based upon the concern to keep women “safe,” and the other dependent upon racist threats and hate crimes.
References
Agnew, John A. 1987. Place and politics, Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Ahmed, Sara. 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotions. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
Aftonbladet, 11 October 2018. Höll en stad i skräck – nu släpps serievåldtäktsmannen fri [Held a city in fear - now the serial rapist is released]
Aftonbladet, 8 October 2014. Rädsla och ilska i Hagfors [Fear and anger in Hagfors]
Aftonbladet, 7 October 2014. Serieförövare ofredar kvinnor i Hagfors [Serial perpetrator molesting women in Hagfors]
Aftonbladet, 6 July 2011. Örebormannen, [The Örebro Man]
Aftonbladet, 24 October 2010. Timmar senare – ett offer [Hours later - a victim]
Aftonbladet, 18 June, 2006. Hon lämnades halvnaken i snön [She was left half naked in the snow]
Aftonbladet, 15 June 2006. Våldtagen–då är det bra att det hänt i Umeå [Raped–then it’s good that it happened in Umeå]
Aftonbladet, 30 March, 2006. Nu törs de röra sig fritt [Now they dare to move freely]
Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, no. 2: 77-101.
Bredström, Anna. 2003. Gendered racism and the production of cultural difference: Media representations and identity work among" immigrant youth" in contemporary Sweden. Nora: Nordic Journal of Women's Studies, 11(2), pp.78-88.
Butler, Judith. 2016. Frames of war: When is life grievable?. London: Verso Books.
Creswell, Tim. 2004. Place: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Christie, N. 1986. The ideal victim. In From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, ed. E.A. Fattah,. London: The Macmillan Press.
Day, Kristen. 1999. Embassies and Sanctuaries: Women’s Experiences of Race and Fear in Public Space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17(3), 307–328.
de los Reyes, Paulina. and Mulinari, Diana. 2005. Intersektionalitet. Kritiska reflektioner over (o) jämlikhetens landskap, [Intersectionality. Critical reflections on the (in) equality landscape] Malmö: Liber, In Swedish.
Eriksson, Madeleine. 2010. (Re) producing a periphery: popular representations of the Swedish North, Umeå: PhD diss., Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Umeå universitet.
DN, 22 January 2011. Örebro fick nog efter alla fall av överfallsvåldtäkter [Örebro got enough after all rapes]
DN, 7 March 2011. Örebro i strålkastarens ljus [Örebro in the light of the headlight]
DN, 27 October 2010. Skottdåden i Malmö en stor internationell händelse [Shooting attacks in Malmö a major international event]
DN 18 January 2006. Fruktan växer för våldsman [Fears grow about the attacker]
Eriksson, Madeleine. 2010. (Re) producing a periphery: Popular representations of the Swedish North (Doctoral dissertation, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Umeå universitet).
Eriksson, Madeleine. 2008. Producing a “peripheral” region: Northern Sweden in the news. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 90(4), 369–388.
Expressen 28 April 2010. Örebro - en stad i skräck [Örebro- a city in fear]
Expressen, 22 October 2010. Skytten sprider skräck i Malmö [The shooter spreads fear in Malmö]
Expressen, 26 May 2012. Berättelsen om skräcken i Malmö [The story about fear in Malmö]
Fokus, 11 March 2011. Malmöskytten- en av de värsta, [The Malmö shooter - one of the worst]
Foucault, Michel. 1980 Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. New York: Pantheon.
Frankenberg, Ruth. 1997. Introduction: Local whitenesses, localizing whiteness. In Ruth Frankenberg (ed.) Displacing whiteness: essays in social and cultural criticism. London: Duke University Press, pp. 1–34.
Gardell, Mattias. 2015. Raskrigaren: Seriemördaren Peter Mangs. [The Race Warrior: The serial killer Peter Mang ] Stockholm: Leopard. In Swedish.
Giesking, Jack. 2017. Geographical Imagination. In International Encyclopedia of Geography (eds. D. Richardson, N. Castree, M. Goodchild, A. Jaffrey, W. Liu, A. Kobayashi, and R. Marston). New York: Wiley-Blackwell and the Association of American Geographers.
Gotlands Tidningar, 27 October 2010. Malmö - en stad i skräck. [Malmö- a city in fear]
Göteborgs Posten,13 May 2012. Alla gärningmännen har mycket gemensamt [All the perpetrators have a lot in common]
Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts. 2013. Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Harvey, David. 1996. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.
Heyes, Cressida J. 2003. Feminist solidarity after queer theory: The case of transgender. Signs, 28, 1093–1120.
Hanhardt, Christina B. 2016. Safe Space Out of Place. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 3(3), 121-125.
Heber, Anita. 2014. Good versus evil? Victims, offenders and victim-offenders in Swedish crime policy bills. The European Journal of Criminology 11(4), 410–428.
Heber, Anita. 2011. Fear of crime in the Swedish daily press: Descriptions of an increasingly unsafe society. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 1, 63–79.
Heber, Antia. 2007. Var rädd om dig, Rädsla för brott enligt forskning, intervjupersoner och dagspress, [Take care of yourself, fear of crime according to research, interview persons and newspapers] Stockholm; Stockholms Universitet, In Swedish.
Hollander, Jocelyn. 2001. Vulnerability and dangerousness, the construction of gender through conversation about violence, Gender and Society 15(1), 83–109.
Hollway Wendy and Tony Jefferson. 1997. The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating fear of crime. British Journal of Sociology 48(2): 255–266.
Holmlund, Lennart, 2008. 29 October. Umeå tryggast bland större städer [Umeå safest among large cities) Blog. Retrieved June 2010 from; http://www.s-info.se/page/blogg.asp?id=1522
Hübinette, Tobias, and Catrin Lundström. 2014. Three phases of hegemonic whiteness: understanding racial temporalities in Sweden. Social identities 20, no. 6 (2014): 423-437.
Hübinette, Tobias., Helena. Hörnfeldt, Fataneh. Farahani, and René León. L. Rosales (eds). 2012. Om ras och vithet i det samtida Sverige [About race and whiteness in contemporary Sweden] Tumba: Mångkulturellt centrum. In Swedish.
Jezierska, Katarzyna, and Ann Towns. 2018.Taming feminism? The place of gender equality in the ‘Progressive Sweden ’brand. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 14.1: 55-63.
Kern, Leslie, and Beverley Mullings. 2013. Urban neoliberalism, urban insecurity and urban violence: Exploring the gender dimensions. In Peake, Linda, and Martina Rieke (ed) Rethinking feminist interventions into the urban. 37-54. London: Routledge.
Koskela, Hille. 1999. Fear, Control and Space. Helsinki: Department of Geography, University of Helsinki.
Kvällsposten. 2010. 16 July. 16-åring sköts på nära håll [The 16-year-old was shot at close range]
Lindgren, Simon. and Ragnar. Lundström. 2010. Inside victims and outside offenders: Dislocations and interventions in the discourse of rape. Social Semiotics 20(3), 309–324.
Listerborn, Carina. 2016. Feminist struggle over urban safety and the politics of space." European journal of women's studies 23, no. 3: 251-264.
Listerborn, Carina. 2015. Geographies of the veil: Violent encounters in urban public spaces in Malmö, Sweden. Social & Cultural Geography 16(1), 95–115.
Listerborn, Carina. 2002. Trygg stad: diskurser om kvinnors rädsla i forskning, policyutveckling och lokal praktik. [Safe city: Discourses on women’s fear in research, policy development and local practice]. Göteborg: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola. In Swedish.
Livholts, Mona. 2008. The loathsome, the rough type and the monster: The violence and wounding of media texts on rape. In Burr, Vivien, and Jeff Hearn, eds., Sex, Violence and the Body. Place: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 194–211.
Martin, Deborah G. 2000. Constructing place: Cultural hegemonies and media images of an inner-city neighborhood. Urban Geography 21(5), 380–405.
Massey, Doreen. 2005. For Space. London: Sage.
Massey, Doreen. 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mattsson, Katarina. 2010. Genus och vithet i den intersektionella vändningen. [Gender and whiteness in the intersectional turn] Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 1-2: pp-6-22.
Moran, Leslie., and Skeggs, Beverly. 2004. Sexuality and the Politics of Violence and Safety London, Routledge.
Molina, Irene. 2007. Intersektionella rumsligheter. [Intersectional spatialities] Tidskrift för genusvetenskap, 3, 7–21. In Swedish.
Nerikes Allehanda, 7 April 2010. De cyklar på natten- för ökad trygghet [The bikes at night- for increased security]
Pain, Rachel. 2000. Place, social relations and the fear of crime: A review. Progress in Human Geography 24(3), 365–387.
Pain, Rachel. 1997. Social geographies of women’s fear of crime. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22(2), 231–244.
Pred, Allan. 2000. Even in Sweden: Racisms, racialized spaces, and the popular geographical imagination. Vol. 8. Berkley: Univ of California Press.
Rodó-de-Zárate, Maria, and Mireia Baylina, M. 2018. Intersectionality in feminist geographies. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(4), 547-553.
Scarpa, Simone. 2015. The impact of income inequality on economic residential segregation: The case of Malmö, 1991–2010. Urban Studies, 52(5), 906-922.
Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. and Alexandra Ålund, A. 2011. The end of Swedish exceptionalism? Citizenship, neoliberalism and the politics of exclusion. Race & Class 53(1), 45–64.
Sandberg, Linda. (2011). Fear of violence and gendered power relations: Responses to threat in public space in Sweden (Doctoral dissertation, Kulturgeografiska Institutionen, Umeå University).
Sandberg, Linda, and Malin Rönnblom. 2013. Afraid and restricted vs bold and equal: Women’s fear of violence and gender equality discourses in Sweden. European Journal of Women's Studies 20.2: 189-203.
Sandstig, Gabriella. 2010 Otrygghetens landskap, [Urban landscapes of fear and insecurity] Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet. In Swedish.
Schmauch, Ulrika. 2006. Den osynliga vardagsrasismens realitet. No 43. Umeå, Sweden: Akademiska avhandlingar vid Sociologiska institutionen, Umeå University.
Stanko, Elisabeth. 1997. Safety talk: Conceptualizing women’s risk assessment as a “technology of the soul”. Theoretical Criminology 1(4): 479–499.
SvD, 8 October 2006. Andra serievåldtäktsmän [Other serial rapists]
Sveriges Radio, 2010. 29 December, Webpage, Malmöskytt satte staden i skräck under hösten.[ Malmö shooter put the city in fear during the fall] Retrieved October 2016 from; http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=3993&artikel=426570)
Sveriges Radio, P4 Örebro, Webpage, 11 ctobertober 2010, Gå inte ut ensam på natten. [Don't go out alone at night] Retrieved October 2016 from https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=159&artikel=4087522
Sydsvenskan. 23 January 2011. Brott och plats. Kriminalitetens attraktiva atlas [Crime and place. The attractive atlas of crime]
Sydsvenskan, 22 October 2010. Webpage; Vi älskar Malmö, [We love Malmö] Retrieved March 2017 from; https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2010-10-22/vi-alskar-malmo
Valentine, Gill. 1989. The geography of women’s fear. Area, 21(4), 385–390.
Wigerfelt, Berit, Anders S. Wigerfelt, and Jenny Kiiskine. 2014. When colour matters: Policing and hate crime. Social Inclusion, 2(1), 1-11.
Värmlands Folkblad, 13 October 2014. Samhället samlar sig mot Hagforsmannen, [The community gather against the Hagfors Man]
Västerbottens-Kuriren, 27 January 2006. Umeåbornas engagemang är stans starkaste signum [Umeå residents’ commitment is the city’s strongest trademark]
Västerbottens-Kuriren, 30 March 2006. Det betyder allt för Umeå att Hagamannen är gripen [It means everything to Umeå that the Haga Man has been arrested]
Williams, Paul, and Julie Dickinson. 1993. Fear of crime: read all about it?, British Journal of Criminology, 33: 1, pp 33-56.
Ahmed, Sara. 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotions. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
Aftonbladet, 11 October 2018. Höll en stad i skräck – nu släpps serievåldtäktsmannen fri [Held a city in fear - now the serial rapist is released]
Aftonbladet, 8 October 2014. Rädsla och ilska i Hagfors [Fear and anger in Hagfors]
Aftonbladet, 7 October 2014. Serieförövare ofredar kvinnor i Hagfors [Serial perpetrator molesting women in Hagfors]
Aftonbladet, 6 July 2011. Örebormannen, [The Örebro Man]
Aftonbladet, 24 October 2010. Timmar senare – ett offer [Hours later - a victim]
Aftonbladet, 18 June, 2006. Hon lämnades halvnaken i snön [She was left half naked in the snow]
Aftonbladet, 15 June 2006. Våldtagen–då är det bra att det hänt i Umeå [Raped–then it’s good that it happened in Umeå]
Aftonbladet, 30 March, 2006. Nu törs de röra sig fritt [Now they dare to move freely]
Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, no. 2: 77-101.
Bredström, Anna. 2003. Gendered racism and the production of cultural difference: Media representations and identity work among" immigrant youth" in contemporary Sweden. Nora: Nordic Journal of Women's Studies, 11(2), pp.78-88.
Butler, Judith. 2016. Frames of war: When is life grievable?. London: Verso Books.
Creswell, Tim. 2004. Place: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Christie, N. 1986. The ideal victim. In From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system, ed. E.A. Fattah,. London: The Macmillan Press.
Day, Kristen. 1999. Embassies and Sanctuaries: Women’s Experiences of Race and Fear in Public Space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17(3), 307–328.
de los Reyes, Paulina. and Mulinari, Diana. 2005. Intersektionalitet. Kritiska reflektioner over (o) jämlikhetens landskap, [Intersectionality. Critical reflections on the (in) equality landscape] Malmö: Liber, In Swedish.
Eriksson, Madeleine. 2010. (Re) producing a periphery: popular representations of the Swedish North, Umeå: PhD diss., Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Umeå universitet.
DN, 22 January 2011. Örebro fick nog efter alla fall av överfallsvåldtäkter [Örebro got enough after all rapes]
DN, 7 March 2011. Örebro i strålkastarens ljus [Örebro in the light of the headlight]
DN, 27 October 2010. Skottdåden i Malmö en stor internationell händelse [Shooting attacks in Malmö a major international event]
DN 18 January 2006. Fruktan växer för våldsman [Fears grow about the attacker]
Eriksson, Madeleine. 2010. (Re) producing a periphery: Popular representations of the Swedish North (Doctoral dissertation, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Umeå universitet).
Eriksson, Madeleine. 2008. Producing a “peripheral” region: Northern Sweden in the news. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 90(4), 369–388.
Expressen 28 April 2010. Örebro - en stad i skräck [Örebro- a city in fear]
Expressen, 22 October 2010. Skytten sprider skräck i Malmö [The shooter spreads fear in Malmö]
Expressen, 26 May 2012. Berättelsen om skräcken i Malmö [The story about fear in Malmö]
Fokus, 11 March 2011. Malmöskytten- en av de värsta, [The Malmö shooter - one of the worst]
Foucault, Michel. 1980 Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. New York: Pantheon.
Frankenberg, Ruth. 1997. Introduction: Local whitenesses, localizing whiteness. In Ruth Frankenberg (ed.) Displacing whiteness: essays in social and cultural criticism. London: Duke University Press, pp. 1–34.
Gardell, Mattias. 2015. Raskrigaren: Seriemördaren Peter Mangs. [The Race Warrior: The serial killer Peter Mang ] Stockholm: Leopard. In Swedish.
Giesking, Jack. 2017. Geographical Imagination. In International Encyclopedia of Geography (eds. D. Richardson, N. Castree, M. Goodchild, A. Jaffrey, W. Liu, A. Kobayashi, and R. Marston). New York: Wiley-Blackwell and the Association of American Geographers.
Gotlands Tidningar, 27 October 2010. Malmö - en stad i skräck. [Malmö- a city in fear]
Göteborgs Posten,13 May 2012. Alla gärningmännen har mycket gemensamt [All the perpetrators have a lot in common]
Hall, Stuart, Chas Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts. 2013. Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Harvey, David. 1996. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell.
Heyes, Cressida J. 2003. Feminist solidarity after queer theory: The case of transgender. Signs, 28, 1093–1120.
Hanhardt, Christina B. 2016. Safe Space Out of Place. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 3(3), 121-125.
Heber, Anita. 2014. Good versus evil? Victims, offenders and victim-offenders in Swedish crime policy bills. The European Journal of Criminology 11(4), 410–428.
Heber, Anita. 2011. Fear of crime in the Swedish daily press: Descriptions of an increasingly unsafe society. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 1, 63–79.
Heber, Antia. 2007. Var rädd om dig, Rädsla för brott enligt forskning, intervjupersoner och dagspress, [Take care of yourself, fear of crime according to research, interview persons and newspapers] Stockholm; Stockholms Universitet, In Swedish.
Hollander, Jocelyn. 2001. Vulnerability and dangerousness, the construction of gender through conversation about violence, Gender and Society 15(1), 83–109.
Hollway Wendy and Tony Jefferson. 1997. The risk society in an age of anxiety: Situating fear of crime. British Journal of Sociology 48(2): 255–266.
Holmlund, Lennart, 2008. 29 October. Umeå tryggast bland större städer [Umeå safest among large cities) Blog. Retrieved June 2010 from; http://www.s-info.se/page/blogg.asp?id=1522
Hübinette, Tobias, and Catrin Lundström. 2014. Three phases of hegemonic whiteness: understanding racial temporalities in Sweden. Social identities 20, no. 6 (2014): 423-437.
Hübinette, Tobias., Helena. Hörnfeldt, Fataneh. Farahani, and René León. L. Rosales (eds). 2012. Om ras och vithet i det samtida Sverige [About race and whiteness in contemporary Sweden] Tumba: Mångkulturellt centrum. In Swedish.
Jezierska, Katarzyna, and Ann Towns. 2018.Taming feminism? The place of gender equality in the ‘Progressive Sweden ’brand. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 14.1: 55-63.
Kern, Leslie, and Beverley Mullings. 2013. Urban neoliberalism, urban insecurity and urban violence: Exploring the gender dimensions. In Peake, Linda, and Martina Rieke (ed) Rethinking feminist interventions into the urban. 37-54. London: Routledge.
Koskela, Hille. 1999. Fear, Control and Space. Helsinki: Department of Geography, University of Helsinki.
Kvällsposten. 2010. 16 July. 16-åring sköts på nära håll [The 16-year-old was shot at close range]
Lindgren, Simon. and Ragnar. Lundström. 2010. Inside victims and outside offenders: Dislocations and interventions in the discourse of rape. Social Semiotics 20(3), 309–324.
Listerborn, Carina. 2016. Feminist struggle over urban safety and the politics of space." European journal of women's studies 23, no. 3: 251-264.
Listerborn, Carina. 2015. Geographies of the veil: Violent encounters in urban public spaces in Malmö, Sweden. Social & Cultural Geography 16(1), 95–115.
Listerborn, Carina. 2002. Trygg stad: diskurser om kvinnors rädsla i forskning, policyutveckling och lokal praktik. [Safe city: Discourses on women’s fear in research, policy development and local practice]. Göteborg: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola. In Swedish.
Livholts, Mona. 2008. The loathsome, the rough type and the monster: The violence and wounding of media texts on rape. In Burr, Vivien, and Jeff Hearn, eds., Sex, Violence and the Body. Place: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 194–211.
Martin, Deborah G. 2000. Constructing place: Cultural hegemonies and media images of an inner-city neighborhood. Urban Geography 21(5), 380–405.
Massey, Doreen. 2005. For Space. London: Sage.
Massey, Doreen. 1994. Space, Place, and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mattsson, Katarina. 2010. Genus och vithet i den intersektionella vändningen. [Gender and whiteness in the intersectional turn] Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 1-2: pp-6-22.
Moran, Leslie., and Skeggs, Beverly. 2004. Sexuality and the Politics of Violence and Safety London, Routledge.
Molina, Irene. 2007. Intersektionella rumsligheter. [Intersectional spatialities] Tidskrift för genusvetenskap, 3, 7–21. In Swedish.
Nerikes Allehanda, 7 April 2010. De cyklar på natten- för ökad trygghet [The bikes at night- for increased security]
Pain, Rachel. 2000. Place, social relations and the fear of crime: A review. Progress in Human Geography 24(3), 365–387.
Pain, Rachel. 1997. Social geographies of women’s fear of crime. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 22(2), 231–244.
Pred, Allan. 2000. Even in Sweden: Racisms, racialized spaces, and the popular geographical imagination. Vol. 8. Berkley: Univ of California Press.
Rodó-de-Zárate, Maria, and Mireia Baylina, M. 2018. Intersectionality in feminist geographies. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(4), 547-553.
Scarpa, Simone. 2015. The impact of income inequality on economic residential segregation: The case of Malmö, 1991–2010. Urban Studies, 52(5), 906-922.
Schierup, Carl-Ulrik. and Alexandra Ålund, A. 2011. The end of Swedish exceptionalism? Citizenship, neoliberalism and the politics of exclusion. Race & Class 53(1), 45–64.
Sandberg, Linda. (2011). Fear of violence and gendered power relations: Responses to threat in public space in Sweden (Doctoral dissertation, Kulturgeografiska Institutionen, Umeå University).
Sandberg, Linda, and Malin Rönnblom. 2013. Afraid and restricted vs bold and equal: Women’s fear of violence and gender equality discourses in Sweden. European Journal of Women's Studies 20.2: 189-203.
Sandstig, Gabriella. 2010 Otrygghetens landskap, [Urban landscapes of fear and insecurity] Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet. In Swedish.
Schmauch, Ulrika. 2006. Den osynliga vardagsrasismens realitet. No 43. Umeå, Sweden: Akademiska avhandlingar vid Sociologiska institutionen, Umeå University.
Stanko, Elisabeth. 1997. Safety talk: Conceptualizing women’s risk assessment as a “technology of the soul”. Theoretical Criminology 1(4): 479–499.
SvD, 8 October 2006. Andra serievåldtäktsmän [Other serial rapists]
Sveriges Radio, 2010. 29 December, Webpage, Malmöskytt satte staden i skräck under hösten.[ Malmö shooter put the city in fear during the fall] Retrieved October 2016 from; http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=3993&artikel=426570)
Sveriges Radio, P4 Örebro, Webpage, 11 ctobertober 2010, Gå inte ut ensam på natten. [Don't go out alone at night] Retrieved October 2016 from https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=159&artikel=4087522
Sydsvenskan. 23 January 2011. Brott och plats. Kriminalitetens attraktiva atlas [Crime and place. The attractive atlas of crime]
Sydsvenskan, 22 October 2010. Webpage; Vi älskar Malmö, [We love Malmö] Retrieved March 2017 from; https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2010-10-22/vi-alskar-malmo
Valentine, Gill. 1989. The geography of women’s fear. Area, 21(4), 385–390.
Wigerfelt, Berit, Anders S. Wigerfelt, and Jenny Kiiskine. 2014. When colour matters: Policing and hate crime. Social Inclusion, 2(1), 1-11.
Värmlands Folkblad, 13 October 2014. Samhället samlar sig mot Hagforsmannen, [The community gather against the Hagfors Man]
Västerbottens-Kuriren, 27 January 2006. Umeåbornas engagemang är stans starkaste signum [Umeå residents’ commitment is the city’s strongest trademark]
Västerbottens-Kuriren, 30 March 2006. Det betyder allt för Umeå att Hagamannen är gripen [It means everything to Umeå that the Haga Man has been arrested]
Williams, Paul, and Julie Dickinson. 1993. Fear of crime: read all about it?, British Journal of Criminology, 33: 1, pp 33-56.
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2020-09-24
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Sandberg, L. (2020). “Cities in Fear“: Media Representations of Single Repeat Perpetrators and Gendered and Racialized Fear of Violence in Public Space. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 19(2), 519–544. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v19i2.1615
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