Putting Rooted Networks Into Practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v17i4.1289Keywords:
Rooted networks, political ecology, social movements, power, territory, naturecultures, decolonizationAbstract
Rooted networks provide a conceptual framework that embeds network thinking in nature-society geography in order to investigate socio-ecological relations, while emphasizing the place-specific materiality of these relations. This progress report examines how geographers have put the framework into scholarly practice. The conceptual approach has enabled researchers to: 1) articulate the territoriality and materiality of networks as assemblages, which may be simultaneously rooted and mobile; 2) discern diverse types of power that flow through network connections; and 3) conduct analyses that unearth multiply-situated knowledges within networks. Challenges emerge as we seek to integrate the approach more fully with disciplinary traditions, including organizing complex relationships into bounded scholarly formats; choosing which aspects of the network are most salient to analyze; and illustrating networks for effective communication. We describe the ways in which rooted networks can be used as a tool for action, as a pedagogical guide, and to strengthen collective capacity to imagine and negotiate alternative futures based on ‘seeing multiple.’ Finally, we call for geographers and other scholars, researchers and activists to build upon a rooted networks framework as a tool for design, analysis, understanding and communication in the search for more socially just and ecologically viable futures.
References
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———. 2012. Network political ecology: Method and theory in climate change vulnerability and adaptation research. Progress in Human Geography 36 (3):295-315.
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Chilvers, Jason and James Evans. 2009. Understanding networks at the science-policy interface. Geoforum 40 (3):355-362.
De la Cadena, Marisol. 2010. Indigenous cosmopolitics in the Andes: Conceptual reflections beyond “politics”. Cultural anthropology 25 (2):334-370.
Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. 1988. A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. London: Continuum.
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Escobar, Arturo. 2001. Culture sits in places: reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of localization. Political Geography 20 (2):139-174.
———. 2008. Territories of difference: place, movements, life, redes. Duke University Press.
———. 2018. Designs for the Pluriverse: Radical Interdependence, Autonomy, and the Making of Worlds. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Escobar, Arturo and Gustavo Lins Rebeiro (eds). 2006. World anthropologies: disciplinary transformations within systems of power: New York: Berg publishers.
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———. 2005. Women and the Politics of Place. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
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Hovorka, Alice. 2012. Women/chickens vs. men/cattle: Insights on gender-species intersectionality. Geoforum 43 (4):875-884.
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. New York: Routledge.
———. 2011. Being alive: Essays on movement, knowledge and description: Taylor & Francis.
LaDuke, Winona. 2002. The Winona LaDuke Reader: A Collection of Essential Writings. Stillwater: Voyageur Press Inc.
———. 1999. All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life. Cambridge MA: South End Press.
Latour, Bruno. 1999. On recalling ANT. The Sociological Review 47 (S1):15-25.
———. 2005. Reassembling the social-an introduction to actor-network-theory: Oxford University Press.
Lave, Rebecca. 2014. Engaging within the Academy: A Call for Critical Physical Geography. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13 (4):508-515.
Law, John. 1992. Notes on the theory of the actor-network: ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity. Systems practice 5 (4):379-393.
Law, John and Annemarie Mol. 2002. Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Lawhon, Mary. 2013. Flows, friction and the sociomaterial metabolization of alcohol. Antipode, 45(3), pp.681-701.
Lombardi, Mark and Robert Hobbs. 2003. Global Networks. New York: Independent Curators Inc.
Manzi, Maya. 2013. Agrarian Social Movements and the Making of Agrodiesel Moral Territories in Northeast Brazil. Dissertation, Geography, Clark University, Worcester MA.
Margulis, Lynn. 2008. Symbiotic planet: a new look at evolution: Basic Books.
McCandless, Susannah. 2010. Conserving the Landscapes of Vermont: Shifting Terms of Access and Visibility. Dissertation, Geography, Clark University, Worcester MA.
Mitchell, Melanie. 2009. Complexity: A guided tour: Oxford University Press.
Mollett, Sharlene. 2010. Está listo (are you ready?) Gender, race and land registration in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Gender, Place and Culture 17 (3), 357–375.
Newell, Joshua and Joshua Cousins. 2015. The boundaries of urban metabolism: Towards a political–industrial ecology. Progress in Human Geography, 39(6), pp.702-728.
Nightingale, Andrea. 2011. Bounding difference. intersectionality and the material production of gender, caste, class and environment in Nepal. Geoforum 42 (2), 153–162.
Nirmal, Padini. 2016. Being and Knowing Differently In Living Worlds: Rooted Networks and Relational Webs in Indigenous Geographies. In The Palgrave Handbook on Gender and Development: Critical engagements in feminist theory and practice, ed. W. Harcourt. New York: Palgrave.
———. 2017. Disembodiment and Deworlding: Taking Decolonial Feminist Political Ecology to ground in Attappady, Kerala (Doctoral dissertation, Clark University).
Ojeda, Diana. 2012. Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia. Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (2):357-375.
Pieck, Sonja. 2006. Opportunities for transnational indigenous eco‐politics: the changing landscape in the new millennium. Global Networks 6 (3):309-329.
Resurrección, Bernadette and Rebecca Elmhirst (eds). 2012. Gender and Natural Resource Management: Livelihoods, Mobility and Interventions. New York and Oxon. Earthscan/IDRC.
Rioux, Sebastien. 2015. Capitalism and the production of uneven bodies: women, motherhood and food distribution in Britain c. 1850–1914. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 40(1), pp.1-13.
Robbins, Paul. 2011. Political ecology: A critical introduction. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell.
Rocheleau, Dianne. 2008. Political ecology in the key of policy: From chains of explanation to webs of relation. Geoforum 39 (2):716-727.
———. 2011. Rooted networks, webs of relation, and the power of situated science: Bringing the models back down to Earth in Zambrana. In Knowing nature: Conversations at the intersection of political ecology and science studies, eds. M. J. Goldman, P. Nadasdy and M. D. Turner, 209-226. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
———. 2015a. Roots, rhizomes, networks and territories: reimagining pattern and power in political ecologies. In International handbook of political ecology, ed. R. L. Bryant. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
———. 2015b. A situated view of feminist political ecology from my networks, roots and territories. In Practicing Feminist Political Ecologies, eds. W. Harcourt and I. L. Nelson. London: Zed Books.
———. 2015c. Networked, rooted and territorial: green grabbing and resistance in Chiapas. The Journal of Peasant Studies 42 (3-4):695-723.
Rocheleau, Dianne and Padini Nirmal. 2015. Feminist political ecologies: grounded, networked and rooted on earth. In Oxford Handbook of Transnational Feminist Movements, eds. R. Baksh and W. Harcourt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2016. Culture. In Keywords for Environmental Studies, eds. J. Adamson, W. Gleason and D. N. Pellow. New York: New York University Press.
Rocheleau, Dianne and Laurie Ross. 1995. Trees as tools, trees as text: struggles over resources in Zambrana‐Chacuey, Dominican Republic. Antipode 27 (4):407-428.
Rocheleau, Dianne, Laurie Ross, Julio Morrobel, Luis Malaret, Ricardo Hernandez, and Tara Kominiak. 2001. Complex communities and emergent ecologies in the regional agroforest of Zambrana-Chacuey, Dominican Republic. Cultural geographies 8 (4):465-492.
Rocheleau, Dianne and Robin Roth. 2007. Rooted networks, relational webs and powers of connection: Rethinking human and political ecologies. Geoforum 38 (3):433-437.
Roth, Robin. 2004. Spatial organization of environmental knowledge: conservation conflicts in the inhabited forest of northern Thailand. Ecology and Society 9 (3):5.
———. 2009. The challenges of mapping complex indigenous spatiality: from abstract space to dwelling space. Cultural Geographies 16 (2):207-227.
Sheehan, Rebecca and Jacqueline Vadjunec. 2012. Placing community through actor-network theory in Oklahoma's ‘No Man's Land’. Social & Cultural Geography 13 (8):915-936.
Simpson, Leanne. 2014. Land as Pedagogy: Nishnaabeg Intelligence and Rebellious Transformation. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society. 3 (3): 1-25.
———. 2017a. This Accident of Being Lost: Songs and Stories. Toronto. House of Anansi Press.
———. 2017b. As We Have Always Done: Indian Freedom as Radical Resistance. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
Smith, Linda. 1999. Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
St Martin, Kevin. 2001. Making space for community resource management in fisheries. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91 (1):122-142.
Stoddard, Elisabeth. 2015. Neoliberal Governance and Environmental Risk: 'Normal Accidents' in North Carolina's Hog Industry. In Political Ecologies of Meat, ed. J. a. N. Emel, Harvey, 137-158. New York, New York: Routledge.
Stoddard, Elisabeth and Alida Cantor. 2017. A Relational Network Vulnerability Assessment of the North Carolina Hog Industry. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107(3), pp.682-699.
Tsing, Anna. 2012. Unruly edges: mushrooms as companion species. Environmental Humanities 1:141-154.
Whatmore, Sarah. 2006. Materialist returns: practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world. Cultural geographies 13 (4):600-609.
Zimmerer, Karl and Thomas Bassett (eds). 2003. Political ecology: an integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies. Guilford Press.
Asher, Kiran. 2014. The Doers and the Done For: Interrogating the Subjects and Objects of Engaged Political Ecology. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13 (4):489-496.
Bakker, Karen and Gavin Bridge. 2006. Material worlds? Resource geographies and the matter of nature'. Progress in human geography, 30(1), pp.5-27.
Bebbington, Anthony. 2012. Underground political ecologies. Geoforum 43 (6):1152-1162.
Bennett, Jane. 2009. Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things: Duke University Press.
Birkenholtz, Trevor. 2009. Irrigated Landscapes, Produced Scarcity, and Adaptive Social Institutions in Rajasthan, India. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (1):118-137.
———. 2012. Network political ecology: Method and theory in climate change vulnerability and adaptation research. Progress in Human Geography 36 (3):295-315.
Blaikie, Piers. 2012. Should some political ecology be useful? The Inaugural Lecture for the Cultural and Political Ecology Specialty Group, Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, April 2010. Geoforum 43 (2):231-239.
Blaser, Mario. 2014. Ontology and indigeneity: on the political ontology of heterogeneous assemblages. Cultural geographies 21 (1):49-58.
Bonds, Anne and Joshua Inwood. 2016. Beyond white privilege: Geographies of white supremacy and settler colonialism. Progress in Human Geography, 40(6), pp.715-733.
Botkin, Daniel. 1990. Discordant harmonies: a new ecology for the twenty-first century: Oxford University Press.
Braun, Bruce. 2015. The 2013 Antipode RGS-IBG Lecture: New Materialisms and Neoliberal Natures. Antipode 47 (1):1-14.
Brewer, Jennifer F. 2013. From personal experience to public participation: social learning at the community fisheries action roundtable. Environmental Management 52 (2):321–334.
Brewer, Jennifer F., Natalie Springuel, James Wilson, Robin Alden, Dana Morse, Catherine Schmitt, Chris Bartlett, Teresa Johnson, Carla Guenther, and Damian Brady.2017. Engagement in a Public Forum: Knowledge, Action, and Cosmopolitanism. Antipode 49 (2): 273–293.
Cantor, Alida. 2016. Dust storms and dying lakes: Wastefulness, reasonable and beneficial use, and water transfers in California. (Doctoral dissertation, Clark University).
Chilvers, Jason and James Evans. 2009. Understanding networks at the science-policy interface. Geoforum 40 (3):355-362.
De la Cadena, Marisol. 2010. Indigenous cosmopolitics in the Andes: Conceptual reflections beyond “politics”. Cultural anthropology 25 (2):334-370.
Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. 1988. A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. London: Continuum.
Dwyer, Michael B. and Ian G. Baird. 2014. Principled Engagement: Political Ecologists and Their Interactions Outside the Academy Introduction to a Set of Short Interventions. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13 (4):473-477.
Escobar, Arturo. 2001. Culture sits in places: reflections on globalism and subaltern strategies of localization. Political Geography 20 (2):139-174.
———. 2008. Territories of difference: place, movements, life, redes. Duke University Press.
———. 2018. Designs for the Pluriverse: Radical Interdependence, Autonomy, and the Making of Worlds. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Escobar, Arturo and Gustavo Lins Rebeiro (eds). 2006. World anthropologies: disciplinary transformations within systems of power: New York: Berg publishers.
Gandy, Matthew. 2004. Rethinking urban metabolism: water, space and the modern city. City, 8(3), pp.363-379.
Goldman, Mara J., Paul Nadasdy, and Matthew D. Turner. 2011. Knowing nature: Conversations at the intersection of political ecology and science studies: University of Chicago Press.
Hamm, Christina. 2011. The Complex Institutional Seascape of the Long Island Sound Lobster Fishery. Dissertation, Geography, Clark University, Worcester MA.
Haraway, Donna J. 1991. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, 149-181. New York, NY: Routledge.
———. 2004. The Haraway Reader. New York: Routledge.
Harcourt, Wendy. 2016. The Palgrave handbook of gender and development. Critical engagements in feminist theory and practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Harcourt, Wendy and Arturo Escobar. 2002. Women and the Politics of Place. Development, 45(1), 7-14.
———. 2005. Women and the Politics of Place. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
Harcourt, Wendy and Ingrid Nelson (eds). 2015. Practicing Feminist Political Ecologies: Moving Beyond the Green Economy. London: Zed Books.
Hawkins, Harriet, Shelley Sacks, Ian Cook, Eleanor Rawling, Helen Griffiths, Di Swift, James Evans, Gail Rothnie, Jacky Wilson, Alice Williams, Katie Feenay, Linzi Gordon, Heather Prescott, Claire Murphy, Daniel Allen, Tyler Mitchell, Rachel Wheeldon, Margaret Roberts, Guy Robinson, Pete Flaxman, Duncan Fuller, Tom Lovell, and Kye Askins. 2011. Organic Public Geographies: “Making the Connection”. Antipode 43 (4):909-926.
Hovorka, Alice. 2012. Women/chickens vs. men/cattle: Insights on gender-species intersectionality. Geoforum 43 (4):875-884.
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. New York: Routledge.
———. 2011. Being alive: Essays on movement, knowledge and description: Taylor & Francis.
LaDuke, Winona. 2002. The Winona LaDuke Reader: A Collection of Essential Writings. Stillwater: Voyageur Press Inc.
———. 1999. All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life. Cambridge MA: South End Press.
Latour, Bruno. 1999. On recalling ANT. The Sociological Review 47 (S1):15-25.
———. 2005. Reassembling the social-an introduction to actor-network-theory: Oxford University Press.
Lave, Rebecca. 2014. Engaging within the Academy: A Call for Critical Physical Geography. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 13 (4):508-515.
Law, John. 1992. Notes on the theory of the actor-network: ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity. Systems practice 5 (4):379-393.
Law, John and Annemarie Mol. 2002. Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
Lawhon, Mary. 2013. Flows, friction and the sociomaterial metabolization of alcohol. Antipode, 45(3), pp.681-701.
Lombardi, Mark and Robert Hobbs. 2003. Global Networks. New York: Independent Curators Inc.
Manzi, Maya. 2013. Agrarian Social Movements and the Making of Agrodiesel Moral Territories in Northeast Brazil. Dissertation, Geography, Clark University, Worcester MA.
Margulis, Lynn. 2008. Symbiotic planet: a new look at evolution: Basic Books.
McCandless, Susannah. 2010. Conserving the Landscapes of Vermont: Shifting Terms of Access and Visibility. Dissertation, Geography, Clark University, Worcester MA.
Mitchell, Melanie. 2009. Complexity: A guided tour: Oxford University Press.
Mollett, Sharlene. 2010. Está listo (are you ready?) Gender, race and land registration in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. Gender, Place and Culture 17 (3), 357–375.
Newell, Joshua and Joshua Cousins. 2015. The boundaries of urban metabolism: Towards a political–industrial ecology. Progress in Human Geography, 39(6), pp.702-728.
Nightingale, Andrea. 2011. Bounding difference. intersectionality and the material production of gender, caste, class and environment in Nepal. Geoforum 42 (2), 153–162.
Nirmal, Padini. 2016. Being and Knowing Differently In Living Worlds: Rooted Networks and Relational Webs in Indigenous Geographies. In The Palgrave Handbook on Gender and Development: Critical engagements in feminist theory and practice, ed. W. Harcourt. New York: Palgrave.
———. 2017. Disembodiment and Deworlding: Taking Decolonial Feminist Political Ecology to ground in Attappady, Kerala (Doctoral dissertation, Clark University).
Ojeda, Diana. 2012. Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia. Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (2):357-375.
Pieck, Sonja. 2006. Opportunities for transnational indigenous eco‐politics: the changing landscape in the new millennium. Global Networks 6 (3):309-329.
Resurrección, Bernadette and Rebecca Elmhirst (eds). 2012. Gender and Natural Resource Management: Livelihoods, Mobility and Interventions. New York and Oxon. Earthscan/IDRC.
Rioux, Sebastien. 2015. Capitalism and the production of uneven bodies: women, motherhood and food distribution in Britain c. 1850–1914. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 40(1), pp.1-13.
Robbins, Paul. 2011. Political ecology: A critical introduction. 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell.
Rocheleau, Dianne. 2008. Political ecology in the key of policy: From chains of explanation to webs of relation. Geoforum 39 (2):716-727.
———. 2011. Rooted networks, webs of relation, and the power of situated science: Bringing the models back down to Earth in Zambrana. In Knowing nature: Conversations at the intersection of political ecology and science studies, eds. M. J. Goldman, P. Nadasdy and M. D. Turner, 209-226. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
———. 2015a. Roots, rhizomes, networks and territories: reimagining pattern and power in political ecologies. In International handbook of political ecology, ed. R. L. Bryant. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
———. 2015b. A situated view of feminist political ecology from my networks, roots and territories. In Practicing Feminist Political Ecologies, eds. W. Harcourt and I. L. Nelson. London: Zed Books.
———. 2015c. Networked, rooted and territorial: green grabbing and resistance in Chiapas. The Journal of Peasant Studies 42 (3-4):695-723.
Rocheleau, Dianne and Padini Nirmal. 2015. Feminist political ecologies: grounded, networked and rooted on earth. In Oxford Handbook of Transnational Feminist Movements, eds. R. Baksh and W. Harcourt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2016. Culture. In Keywords for Environmental Studies, eds. J. Adamson, W. Gleason and D. N. Pellow. New York: New York University Press.
Rocheleau, Dianne and Laurie Ross. 1995. Trees as tools, trees as text: struggles over resources in Zambrana‐Chacuey, Dominican Republic. Antipode 27 (4):407-428.
Rocheleau, Dianne, Laurie Ross, Julio Morrobel, Luis Malaret, Ricardo Hernandez, and Tara Kominiak. 2001. Complex communities and emergent ecologies in the regional agroforest of Zambrana-Chacuey, Dominican Republic. Cultural geographies 8 (4):465-492.
Rocheleau, Dianne and Robin Roth. 2007. Rooted networks, relational webs and powers of connection: Rethinking human and political ecologies. Geoforum 38 (3):433-437.
Roth, Robin. 2004. Spatial organization of environmental knowledge: conservation conflicts in the inhabited forest of northern Thailand. Ecology and Society 9 (3):5.
———. 2009. The challenges of mapping complex indigenous spatiality: from abstract space to dwelling space. Cultural Geographies 16 (2):207-227.
Sheehan, Rebecca and Jacqueline Vadjunec. 2012. Placing community through actor-network theory in Oklahoma's ‘No Man's Land’. Social & Cultural Geography 13 (8):915-936.
Simpson, Leanne. 2014. Land as Pedagogy: Nishnaabeg Intelligence and Rebellious Transformation. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education and Society. 3 (3): 1-25.
———. 2017a. This Accident of Being Lost: Songs and Stories. Toronto. House of Anansi Press.
———. 2017b. As We Have Always Done: Indian Freedom as Radical Resistance. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
Smith, Linda. 1999. Decolonizing methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
St Martin, Kevin. 2001. Making space for community resource management in fisheries. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91 (1):122-142.
Stoddard, Elisabeth. 2015. Neoliberal Governance and Environmental Risk: 'Normal Accidents' in North Carolina's Hog Industry. In Political Ecologies of Meat, ed. J. a. N. Emel, Harvey, 137-158. New York, New York: Routledge.
Stoddard, Elisabeth and Alida Cantor. 2017. A Relational Network Vulnerability Assessment of the North Carolina Hog Industry. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107(3), pp.682-699.
Tsing, Anna. 2012. Unruly edges: mushrooms as companion species. Environmental Humanities 1:141-154.
Whatmore, Sarah. 2006. Materialist returns: practising cultural geography in and for a more-than-human world. Cultural geographies 13 (4):600-609.
Zimmerer, Karl and Thomas Bassett (eds). 2003. Political ecology: an integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies. Guilford Press.
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Published
2018-10-04
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Cantor, A., Stoddard, E. A., Rocheleau, D., Brewer, J. F., Roth, R., Birkenholtz, T., … Nirmal, P. (2018). Putting Rooted Networks Into Practice. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 17(4), 958–987. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v17i4.1289
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