Soapboxes and Stealth on Revolution Street
Revisiting the Question of ‘Freedom’ in Iran’s Hijab Protests
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v20i4.1903Keywords:
Iran, Hijab, women’s rights, freedom, social justice movements, online activismAbstract
In this article, I examine how the concept of ‘freedom’ is articulated and deployed in narratives of anti-compulsory hijab protests in Iran. I posit that women’s rights movements in Iran become legible and, thereby, visible to US audiences when they conform to narrow frames of feminist activism and orientalist tropes. I begin this paper by analyzing the relationship between the “Girls of Revolution Street” (GRS) protests in Iran and the US-based “My Stealthy Freedom” (MSF) online movement to elucidate a politics of recognition that I argue reinforces orientalist representations of women’s rights in Iran. Through its circulation of GRS protest footage to its one million plus followers, MSF increased the visibility of resistance to mandatory hijab in Iran. Yet, through MSF’s selection of which GRS protests to publicize and commentary on why this movement is important, other critical aspects of the GRS protests were rendered invisible. I posit that the strategic framing of women’s rights through campaigns like MSF does more to attract international support than address the multi-faceted nature of gender injustice in Iran and, paradoxically, rests on Iranian women reproducing themselves as the vulnerable ‘unfree’ other.
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Gökarıksel, Banu and Anna Secor. 2009. “New Transnational Geographies of Islamism, Capitalism and Subjectivity: The Veiling‐fashion Industry in Turkey”. Area 41, no. 1: 6-18.
Gökarıksel, Banu and Anna Secor. 2014. “The Veil, Desire, and the Gaze: Turning the Inside Out.” Signs 40, no. 1: 177-200.
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Moorhead, Joanna. 2018. “The wind in my hair: one Iranian women’s courageous struggle against being forced to wear the hijab.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global/2018/jun/03/the-wind-in-my-hair-one-womans-struggle-against-being-forced-to-wear-hijab (accessed November 10, 2019).
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Naghibi, Nima. 1999. “Bad Feminist or Bad-Hejabi?” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 1, no. 4: 555-571.
Naghibi, Nima. 2007. Rethinking Global Sisterhood: Western Feminism and Iran. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 2005. Women with Mustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Najmabadi, Afsaneh. 2008. Teaching and Research in Unavailable Intersections. In Women’s Studies on the Edge, edited by Joan Scott, 69–80. Durham: Duke University Press.
Radio Zamaneh. 2018. “Ali Motahari: There is No Obligation for Women to Wear Hijab.” Radio Zamaneh. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/379438 (accessed on December 11, 2019).
Ranjbar, A. Marie. 2017. “Silence, Silencing, and (In)Visibility: The Geopolitics of Tehran’s Silent Protests.” Hypatia 32, no. 2: 609-626.
Scott, Joan. 2010. The Politics of the Veil. Princeton University Press.
Secor, Anna. 2002. “The Veil and Urban Space in Istanbul: Women’s Dress, Mobility and Islamic Knowledge.” Gender, Place and Culture 9, no. 1: 5-22.
Spivak, Gayatri. 1988. Can the Subaltern Speak? In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 271-313. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Steafel, Eleanor. 2018. “How Iran’s Brave Women are Fighting for the Right to Ditch their Hijabs.” The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/irans-brave-women-fighting-right-ditch-hijabs/ (accessed on December 15, 2019).
Tahmasebi-Birgani, Victoria. 2010. “Green women of Iran: The role of the women's movement during and after Iran's presidential election of 2009.” Constellations 17, no. 1: 78-86.
Tahmasebi-Birgani, Victoria. 2017. Social Media as a Site of Transformative Politics: Iranian Women's Online Contestations. In Iran’s Struggles for Social Justice: Economics, Agency, Justice, Activism, edited by Peyman Vahabzadeh, 181-198. Palgrave Macmillan.
U.S. Virtual Embassy in Iran. 2019. “Secretary Pompeo’s Meeting with Iranian Women’s Rights Activist Masih Alinejad.” https://ir.usembassy.gov/secretary-pompeos-meeting-with-iranian-womens-rights-activist-masih-alinejad/ (accessed February 12, 2019).
Zahedi, Ashraf. 2007. “Contested Meaning of the Veil and Political Ideologies of Iranian Regimes.” Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 3, no. 3: 75-98.
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Published
2021-08-10
How to Cite
Ranjbar, A. M. (2021). Soapboxes and Stealth on Revolution Street: Revisiting the Question of ‘Freedom’ in Iran’s Hijab Protests. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 20(4), 346–365. https://doi.org/10.14288/acme.v20i4.1903
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Themed Section - From the Margins Within (Guest Ed. Aparna Parikh)
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