Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}volume': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
Element '{http://pkp.sfu.ca}year': '' is not a valid value of the atomic type 'xs:int'.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<issue xmlns="http://pkp.sfu.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" published="1" current="0" access_status="1" url_path="" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">149</id>
<issue_identification>
<volume/>
<number>00</number>
<year/>
<title locale="en_US">Forthcoming</title>
</issue_identification>
<date_published>2025-05-26</date_published>
<last_modified>2025-05-26</last_modified>
<sections>
<section ref="SI: Mediterranean border externalization" seq="74" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">122</id>
<abbrev locale="en_US">SI: Mediterranean border externalization</abbrev>
<title locale="en_US">Special Issue: the Mediterranean as a laboratory of border externalization</title>
</section>
<section ref="RES" seq="5" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">114</id>
<abbrev locale="en_US">RES</abbrev>
<policy locale="en_US"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">State-of-field reviews which explicate shifting or emerging developments across critical debates, and are limited to 9,000 words. We are especially interested in coverage of topics that do not receive multi-year or multi-report consideration in other journals.</span></p></policy>
<title locale="en_US">Review Essays</title>
</section>
</sections>
<issue_galleys xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"/>
<articles xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" date_submitted="2025-10-10" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="2433" stage="production">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">2655</id>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="15484" created_at="2025-10-10" date_created="" file_id="11748" stage="submission" updated_at="2025-10-10" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="emiliecameron" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">Manuscript for ACME Oct 2025.docx</name>
<file id="11748" filesize="5773156" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2655/68e90e5ca67e1.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="15926" created_at="2026-02-18" date_created="" file_id="12100" stage="copyedit" updated_at="2026-02-18" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="vanessa_sloan_morgan" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">EC final submission to ACME Feb 2026.docx</name>
<file id="12100" filesize="5785125" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2655/69965934be780.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="15927" created_at="2026-02-18" date_created="" file_id="12100" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2026-02-18" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="15926" uploader="vanessa_sloan_morgan" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">EC final submission to ACME Feb 2026.docx</name>
<file id="12100" filesize="5785125" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2655/69965934be780.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="16218" created_at="2026-04-21" date_created="" file_id="12351" stage="proof" updated_at="2026-04-21" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="corin_parsons" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">2655.pdf</name>
<file id="12351" filesize="1483653" extension="pdf">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2655/69e7eb49c97ec.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="3896" url_path="" seq="0" date_published="2026-04-21" section_ref="RES" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">2433</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.14288/acme.agxxjt-2655</id>
<title locale="en_US">Where is Settler Colonialism?</title>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p style="font-weight: 400;">This essay considers both the limits and necessity of mobilizing settler colonial frameworks in the contemporary moment. It traces the rise of Settler Colonial Studies as the dominant framework for making sense of colonial relations in Canada and considers the limits of this framework for understanding colonization in Inuit Nunangat, where the settler state’s interest in dispossession, extraction, and proletarianization have played out differently than in southern Canada. Guided by Aimé Césaire’s directive to ask, again and again, what colonization <em>is</em>, I consider why Settler Colonial Studies frameworks are so readily mobilized in the study of northern Canada but are hyperpoliticized when they are applied to Israel/Palestine, why Inuit theories of colonization barely figure in Qallunaaq research about the North, and what this means for theorizing colonialism in the current conjuncture.</p></abstract>
<rights locale="en_US">Image permissions secured for all images</rights>
<licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</licenseUrl>
<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Emilie Cameron</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2026</copyrightYear>
<keywords locale="en_US">
<keyword>settler colonialism</keyword>
<keyword>Inuit</keyword>
<keyword>North</keyword>
<keyword>Nunavut</keyword>
<keyword>Arctic</keyword>
<keyword>Palestine</keyword>
</keywords>
<agencies locale="en_US">
<agency>n/a</agency>
</agencies>
<subjects locale="en_US">
<subject>critical northern geographies </subject>
<subject>colonialism</subject>
<subject>settler colonialism</subject>
<subject>Nunavut</subject>
<subject>Inuit</subject>
<subject>Palestine</subject>
<subject>Aimé Césaire</subject>
<subject>Arctic</subject>
<subject>North</subject>
<subject>Kunuk Inutiq</subject>
<subject>welfare colonialism</subject>
<subject>Canada</subject>
<subject>Geography</subject>
<subject>Postcolonialism</subject>
<subject>Israel</subject>
</subjects>
<authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="3896">
<givenname locale="en_US">Emilie</givenname>
<familyname locale="en_US">Cameron</familyname>
<affiliation locale="en_US">Carleton University</affiliation>
<country>CA</country>
<email>emilie.cameron@carleton.ca</email>
</author>
</authors>
<article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1853</id>
<name locale="en_US">PDF</name>
<seq>0</seq>
<submission_file_ref id="16218"/>
</article_galley>
<citations>
<citation>Abdo, Nahla, & Yuval-Davis, Nira. 1995. “Palestine, Israel and the Zionist settler project”. In Unsettling settler societies: Articulations of gender, race, ethnicity and class, edited by Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis. Sage.</citation>
<citation>Albanese, Francesa. 2024. Genocide as colonial erasure. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese. United Nations, https://docs.un.org/en/A/79/384</citation>
<citation>Allooloo, Siku. 2016. “Caribou People.” The Malahat Review 197: 107-113.</citation>
<citation>Amagoalik, John. 2007. Changing the Face of Canada. Nunavut Arctic College.</citation>
<citation>Arnaquq-Baril, Alethea. 2016. Angry Inuk. National Film Board.</citation>
<citation>Barakat, Rana. 2017. “Writing/righting Palestine studies: settler colonialism, indigenous sovereignty and resisting the ghost(s) of history.” Settler Colonial Studies 8 (3): 349–363.</citation>
<citation>Barichello, Josh and Lianne Charlie. 2022. “‘We have our footsteps everywhere’: The Ross River Dena’s fight to protect Dena Kēyeh/Kaska Country.” Briarpatch 5 Jan 2022. https://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/we-have-our-footsteps-everywhere</citation>
<citation>Beckett, Caitlynn. 2025. “From Critical Minerals to Critical Reclamation: Implementing an Anticolonial Ethics of Reclamation for the Faro Mine, in Tsē Zūl, Dena Kēyeh (Unceded Kaska Lands, Yukon, Canada).” Ph.D. Diss, Memorial University of Newfoundland. https://research.library.mun.ca/16976/.</citation>
<citation>Bernauer, Warren. 2025. “‘Settler’and ‘internal’colonialism in ‘Canada’: Reconciling competing conceptual approaches to Canadian Colonialism in the North.” Human Geography 18 (1): 107-116.</citation>
<citation>Bernauer, Warren. 2024. “Canadian settler colonialism: Structure, event, relationship, or process?” The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 68 (4): 451-455.</citation>
<citation>Bernauer, Warren. 2019. “The limits to extraction: mining and colonialism in Nunavut.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies 40 (3): 404-422.</citation>
<citation>Bhandar, Brenna and Rafeef Ziadah. 2016. “Acts and Omissions: Framing Settler Colonialism in Palestine Studies.” Jadaliyya 14 January 2016, https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/32857/Acts-and-Omissions-Framing-Settler-Colonialism-in-Palestine-Studies</citation>
<citation>Brody, Hugh. 1975. The People’s Land: Eskimos and Whites in the Eastern Arctic. Penguin.</citation>
<citation>Byrd, Jodi. 2011. The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism. University of Minnesota Press.</citation>
<citation>Cameron, Emilie, and Sheena Kennedy. 2023. “Can Environmental Assessment Protect Caribou? Analysis of EA in Nunavut, Canada, 1999-2019.” Conservation and Society 21 (2): 121.</citation>
<citation>Cameron, Emilie. 2022. “The contours of colonialism.” Progress in Human Geography 46 (4): 1117-1128.</citation>
<citation>Cameron, Emilie. 2015. Far Off Metal River: Inuit Lands, Settler Stories, and the Making of the Contemporary Arctic. UBC Press.</citation>
<citation>Carey, Jane, and Ben Silverstein. 2020. “Thinking with and beyond settler colonial studies: new histories after the postcolonial.” Postcolonial Studies 23 (1): 1-20.</citation>
<citation>Césaire, Aimé. 2000. Discourse on Colonialism. Monthly Review Press</citation>
<citation>Christensen, Julia, and Rebecca Hall. 2025. “Welfare Colonialism and Resource Colonialism in Northern Canada.” In The Oxford Handbook of Social Policy in Canada edited by Daniel Béland, Rianne Mahon, and Alison Smith. Oxford University Press.</citation>
<citation>Coulthard, Glen. 2025. “‘Palestinians and Native Peoples are Comrades’: The political economy of Indigenous/Palestinian Solidarity.” Native American and Indigenous Studies 12 (1): 151-159.</citation>
<citation>Coulthard, Glen. 2014. Red skin, white masks: Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. University of Minnesota Press.</citation>
<citation>Coulthard, Glen and Lianne Betasamosake Simpson. 2016. “Grounded Normativity/Place-Based Solidarity” American Quarterly 68 (2): 249–255.</citation>
<citation>Curley, Andrew. 2023. Carbon sovereignty: Coal, development, and energy transition in the Navajo Nation. University of Arizona Press.</citation>
<citation>Daigle, Michelle. 2019. “The spectacle of reconciliation: On (the) unsettling responsibilities to Indigenous peoples in the academy.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 37 (4): 703-721.</citation>
<citation>Daigle, Michelle. 2016. “Awawanenitakik: The spatial politics of recognition and relational geographies of Indigenous self‐determination.” The Canadian Geographer 60 (2): 259-269.</citation>
<citation>Damas, David. 2002. Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers: The Transformation of Inuit Settlement in the Central Arctic. McGill-Queen’s University Press</citation>
<citation>de Leeuw, S. 2007. “Intimate Colonialisms: The Material and Experienced Places of British Columbia’s Residential Schools.” The Canadian Geographer 51 (3): 339 – 359.</citation>
<citation>Dorries, Heather. 2017. “Planning as property: uncovering the hidden racial logic of a municipal nuisance by-law.” Journal of Law and Social Policy 27.</citation>
<citation>Dorries, Heather, David Hugill, and Julie Tomiak, Julie. 2022. “Racial capitalism and the production of settler colonial cities.” Geoforum 132: 263-270.</citation>
<citation>Englert, Sai. 2020. “Settlers, workers, and the logic of accumulation by dispossession.” Antipode 52 (6): 1647-1666.</citation>
<citation>Englert, Sai, and Gargi Bhattacharyya. 2024. “Capital’s Genocide: A Conversation on Racial Capitalism, Settler Colonialism, and Possible Worlds after Gaza.” Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 23 (2): 165-186.</citation>
<citation>Estes, Nick. 2024. Our history is the future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the long tradition of Indigenous Resistance. Haymarket.</citation>
<citation>Ever Deadly. 2022. Directed by Chelsea McMullan and Tanya Tagaq. National Film Board of Canada.</citation>
<citation>Gelder, Ken and Jane M. Jacobs. 1998. Uncanny Australia: Sacredness and identity in a postcolonial nation. Melbourne University Press.</citation>
<citation>Goeman, Mishauna. 2023. Settler Aesthetics: Visualizing the Spectacle of Originary Moments in the New World. University of Nebraska Press.</citation>
<citation>Gordon, Neve and Moriel Ram. 2016. “Ethnic Cleansing and the Formation of Settler Colonial Geographies.” Political Geography 53: 20–29.</citation>
<citation>Hall, Stuart. 2004. “Through the Prism of an Intellectual Life: Thinking About Thinking. Lecture.” Available at https://www.stuarthallfoundation.org/resource/stuart-hall-through-the-prism-of-an-intellectual-life-thinking/</citation>
<citation>Harris, Cole. 2020. A Bounded Land: Reflections on Settler Colonialism in Canada. UBC Press.</citation>
<citation>Harris, Cole. 2004. “How did colonialism dispossess? Comments from an edge of empire.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94 (1): 165-182.</citation>
<citation>Hunt/Tłaliłila’ogwa, Sarah. 2023. “Looking of Lucy Homiskanis, confronting Emily Carr: Restorying nature, gender, and belonging on the Northwest Coast” BC Studies (217): 7-33.</citation>
<citation>Hunt, Sarah. 2014. Witnessing the colonialscape: Lighting the intimate fires of Indigenous legal pluralism. PhD Diss, Simon Fraser University.</citation>
<citation>Igloliorte, Heather. 2019. “‘Hooked forever on primitive peoples’: James Houston and the transformation of ‘Eskimo handicrafts’ to Inuit art.” In Mapping Modernisms: Art, Indigeneity, colonialism edited by Elizabeth Harney and Ruth Philips. Duke University Press.</citation>
<citation>Inutiq, Sandra (Kunuk). 2019. “Dear Qallunaat (white people).” CBC, February 17. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/dear-qallunaat-white-people-inuit-sandra-inutiq-1.5020210</citation>
<citation>Inutiq, Kunuk. 2022. Hungry Days in Nunavut: The Façade of Inuit Self-Determination. Yellowhead Institute. https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2022/05/17/hungry-days-in-nunavut-the-facade-of-inuit-self-determination/</citation>
<citation>Inutiq, Kunuk. 2024. Devolution in Nunavut: Is this Really Namminiqsurniq (Self-Determination)? Yellowhead Institute, February 15. https://yellowheadinstitute.org/2024/02/15/devolution-in-nunavut/</citation>
<citation>Inutiq, Kunuk, Hayden King, and Shari Fox, eds. 2024. Pinasunniq: Reflections on a Northern Indigenous Economy. Yellowhead Institute. https://yellowheadinstitute.org/pinasunniq/</citation>
<citation>Inutiq, Micah, Ceporah Mearns, and Gwen Healey Akeroak. 2024. “Holistic Education and Pedagogy from the Inuit Worldview.” International Journal of Indigenous Health 20 (1).</citation>
<citation>Ipellie, Alootook. 1996. “Walking both sides of an invisible border.” Studies in Canadian Literature 21(2): 155.</citation>
<citation>Ipellie, Alootook. 1988. “Damn Those Invaders.” In Northern Voices: Inuit Writing in English edited by Penny Petrone. University of Toronto Press.</citation>
<citation>ITK. 2018. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami Final written submission to the National Inquiry on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. December 14. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ITK-Final-Written-Submission.pdf</citation>
<citation>Jessen Willamson, Karla. 2014. “Uumasuusivissuaq: Spirit and Indigenous Writing.” IN Education 20 (2): 135-146.</citation>
<citation>Johnson-Castle, Patricia. 2025. Pijitsirniq and Ikajuqtigiinniq as an Alternative Approach to Economic Development in Inuit Nunangat. Yellowhead Institute, April 16. https:// yellowheadinstitute.org/2025/04/16/alternativeapproach-to-economic-development-in-inuitnunangat/</citation>
<citation>Kaluraq, Kaviq. 2020. Nunami Ilinniarniq: Inuit Community Control of Education through Land-based Education. The Gordon Foundation.</citation>
<citation>Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani. 2020. “False dilemmas and settler colonial studies: response to Lorenzo Veracini: ‘Is Settler Colonial Studies Even Useful?’” Postcolonial Studies, 24 (2): 290–296.</citation>
<citation>Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani. 2016. “‘A Structure, Not an Event’: Settler Colonialism and Enduring Indigeneity.” Lateral 5(1).</citation>
<citation>Khalidi, Rashid. 2020. The hundred years' war on Palestine: A history of settler colonialism and resistance, 1917–2017. Metropolitan Books.</citation>
<citation>Kirsch, Adam. 2023. “Campus Radicals and Leftist Groups Have Embraced the Idea of ‘Settler Colonialism.’” The Wall Street Journal, October 26. https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/campus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be</citation>
<citation>Kunuk, Zacharias and Norm Cohn. 2006. The Journals of Knud Rasmussen. Isuma.</citation>
<citation>Levy, Gideon. 2025. “Israeli Incitement to Genocide in Gaza Goes Mainstream.” Haaretz, April 27. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-04-27/ty-article-opinion/.premium/israeli-incitement-to-genocide-in-gaza-goes-mainstream/</citation>
<citation>Magid, Shaul. 2024. “Zionism’s History Is Also a History of Jewish Anti-Zionism: An Interview with Shaul Magid” by Daniel Denvir. Jacobin, January 28. https://jacobin.com/2024/01/shaul-magid-interview-zionism-anti-zionism-judaism-history</citation>
<citation>Mallon, Susan. 1993. “Early Years with the Inuit Interpreters: Recollections and Comments from the Sidelines.” Meta 38 (1): 25-30.</citation>
<citation>Manuel, George and Michael Posluns. 2019 [1974]. The fourth world: An Indian reality. University of Minnesota Press.</citation>
<citation>McGrath, Janet Tamalik. 2019. The Qaggiq Model: Toward a Theory of Inuktut Knowledge Renewal. Nunavut Arctic College.</citation>
<citation>MMIWG. 2019. Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, Volume 1a. National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.</citation>
<citation>Nappaaluk, Mitiarjuk. 2014. Sanaaq: An Inuit Novel. University of Manitoba Press.</citation>
<citation>Nungak, Zebedee. 2017. Wrestling with Colonialism on Steroids: Quebec Inuit Fight for their Homeland. Véhicule Press.</citation>
<citation>Obed, Diane. 2017. Illiniavugut Nunami: Learning from the Land Envisioning an Inuit-centered Educational Future. Master’s Thesis, St. Mary’s University.</citation>
<citation>O’Brien, Jean M. 2010. Firsting and Lasting: Writing Indians out of Existence in New England. University of Minnesota Press.</citation>
<citation>Ore, Jonathan. 2020. “How Laakkuluk Williamson Bathory builds bridges with powerful, provocative performances.” CBC, September 24. https://www.cbc.ca/radiointeractives/q/art-connects-on-q-laakkuluk-williamson-bathory</citation>
<citation>Paine, Robert, ed. 1977. The White Arctic: Anthropological essays on tutelage and ethnicity. Institute of Social and Economic Research.</citation>
<citation>Palmer, Bryan. 2024. Colonialism and Capitalism: Canada’s Origins 1500–1890; A New History for the Twenty-First Century. Vol. 1. James Lorimer & Company.</citation>
<citation>Pappé, Ilan. 2012. “Shtetl Colonialism: First and Last Impressions of Indigeneity by Colonised Colonisers.” Settler Colonial Studies, 2 (1), 39–58.</citation>
<citation>Penney, Jessica. 2017. “Imperialism and Hunting: From Fur Trade to Colonial Activism.” Groundings Undergraduate Journal 10: 39-52.</citation>
<citation>Peter, Aaju. 2023. Twice Colonized. Films We Like, Director Lin Alluna.</citation>
<citation>Pfeifer, Pitseolak. 2020. “Inuit, namiipita? Climate Change Research and Policy: Beyond Canada’s Diversity and Equity Problem.” Northern Review 46: 265-269.</citation>
<citation>Powell, Michael. 2024. “The Curious Rise of 'Settler Colonialism' and 'Turtle Island'.” The Atlantic, January 5. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/01/curious-rise-settler-colonialism-and-turtle-island/677005/</citation>
<citation>Price, Jackie. 2007. Tukisivallialiqtakka: The Things I Have Now Begun to Understand. Inuit Governance, Nunavut, and the Kitchen Consultation Model. Master’s thesis, University of Victoria.</citation>
<citation>Prokipcak, Nathan. 2023. Locating Settler Colonialism in Inuit Nunangat. Master’s Thesis, Carleton University.</citation>
<citation>QIA. 2014a. QTC Final Report: Achieving Saimaqatigiingniq. Qikiqtani Inuit Association.</citation>
<citation>QIA. 2014b. “Nuutauniq: Moves in Inuit Life”. Qikiqtani Truth Commission: Thematic Reports and Special Studies 1950–1975. Qikiqtani Inuit Association.</citation>
<citation>QIA. 2014c. “The Official Mind of Canadian Colonialism”. Qikiqtani Truth Commission: Thematic Reports and Special Studies 1950–1975. Qikiqtani Inuit Association.</citation>
<citation>Robinson, Dylan. 2020. Hungry listening: Resonant theory for Indigenous sound studies. University of Minnesota Press.</citation>
<citation>Sabbagh-Khoury, Areej. 2021. “Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel.” Politics & Society, 50 (1): 44-83.</citation>
<citation>Sayegh, Fayez. 1965. Zionist colonialism in Palestine. Research Center, Palestine Liberation Organization.</citation>
<citation>Shafir, Gershon. 1989. Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914. University of California Press.</citation>
<citation>Scobie, Willow, and Kathleen Rodgers. 2019. “Diversions, distractions, and privileges: consultation and the governance of mining in Nunavut.” Studies in Political Economy 100 (3): 232-251.</citation>
<citation>Scottie, Joan, Warren Bernauer, and Jack Hicks. 2022. I Will Live for Both of Us: A History of Colonialism, Uranium Mining, and Inuit Resistance. University of Manitoba Press.</citation>
<citation>Shlomo, Oren, and Michal Braier. 2024. “Threats and ambivalence in land formalization: The case of settler-colonial land regime in East Jerusalem/al-Quds.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 43 (6): 991-1011.</citation>
<citation>Simpson, Audra. 2016. “The state is a man: Theresa Spence, Loretta Saunders and the gender of settler sovereignty.” Theory & event 19 (4).</citation>
<citation>Simpson, Audra. 2014. Mohawk Interruptus: Political Life Across the Borders of Settler States. Duke University Press.</citation>
<citation>Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. 2020. Noopiming: The Cure for White Ladies. House of Anansi Press.</citation>
<citation>Simpson, Leanne Betasamosake. 2017. As We Have Always Done: Indigenous Freedom Through Radical Resistance. University of Minnesota Press</citation>
<citation>Smith, Jen Rose. 2025. Ice Geographies: the colonial politics of race and indigeneity in the Arctic. Duke University Press.</citation>
<citation>Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. Zed Books.</citation>
<citation>Snelgrove, Corey, Jeff Corntassel, and Rita Dhamoon. 2014. “Unsettling settler colonialism: The discourse and politics of settlers, and solidarity with Indigenous nations.” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 3 (2): 1-32.</citation>
<citation>Speed, Shannon. 2017. “Structures of settler capitalism in Abya Yala.” American Quarterly 69 (4): 783-790.</citation>
<citation>Spice, Anne. 2018. “Fighting invasive infrastructures: Indigenous relations against pipelines.” Environment and Society 9(1): 40-56.</citation>
<citation>Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik. 2023. “Introduction: Generating a Critical Resurgence Together.” In Indigenous Resurgence in an Age of Reconciliation edited by Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik Stark, Aimée Craft, and Hōkūlani K. Aikau. University of Toronto Press.</citation>
<citation>Stark, Heidi Kiiwetinepinesiik. 2016. “Criminal empire: The making of the savage in a lawless land.” Theory & Event 19 (4).</citation>
<citation>Stephens, Bret. 2024. “Settler colonialism: A Guide for the Sincere.” The New York Times, February 6. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/06/opinion/settler-colonialism.html</citation>
<citation>Tagaq, Tanya. 2018. Split Tooth. Penguin.</citation>
<citation>Tester, Frank, and Peter Kulchyski. 1994. Tammarniit (mistakes) Inuit relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63. UBC Press.</citation>
<citation>Tomiak, Julie. 2023. “Land back/cities back.” Urban Geography 44 (2): 292-294.</citation>
<citation>Tomiak, Julie. 2017. “Contesting the settler city: Indigenous self‐determination, new urban reserves, and the neoliberalization of colonialism.” Antipode 49 (4): 928-945.</citation>
<citation>Tranter, Emma. 2024. “'It's high time': Nunavut officially takes over land, resource responsibilities from feds.” CBC, January 18. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/nunavut-trudeau-sign-devolution-argreement-1.7086272</citation>
<citation>TRC. 2015. Canada’s Residential Schools: The Inuit and Northern Experience: The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 2. McGill-Queen’s University Press.</citation>
<citation>Tuck, Eve. 2009. “Suspending damage: A letter to communities.” Harvard educational review, 79 (3): 409-428.</citation>
<citation>Tuck, Eve and K Wayne Yang. 2012. “Decolonization is not a metaphor.” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education, and Society 1(1): 1-40.</citation>
<citation>2023. Study on the Legality of the Israeli Occupation of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem. United Nations. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/ceirpp-legal-study2023/</citation>
<citation>Veracini, Lorenzo. 2011. Introducing: Settler Colonial Studies. Settler Colonial Studies 1(1): 1-12.</citation>
<citation>Veracini, Lorenzo. 2010. Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. Palgrave MacMillan.</citation>
<citation>Watt-Cloutier, Siila. 2016. The Right to be Cold. Penguin.</citation>
<citation>Watts, Vanessa. 2020. “Growling ontologies: Indigeneity, becoming-souls and settler colonial inaccessibility.” In Colonialism and animality: anti-colonial perspectives in critical animal studies edited by Kelly Struthers Montford and Chloë Taylor. Routledge.</citation>
<citation>Wolfe, Patrick. 2012. “Purchase by Other Means: The Palestinian Nakba and Zionism's Conquest of Economics.” Settler Colonial Studies 2 (1): 133–71.</citation>
<citation>Wolfe, Patrick. 2006. “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native.” Journal of Genocide Research 8 (4): 387–409.</citation>
<citation>Wolfe, Patrick. 1999. Settler colonialism and the transformation of anthropology: the politics and poetics of an ethnographic event. Continuum International Publishing.</citation>
<citation>Yellowhead Institute. 2019. Land Back: A Yellowhead Institute Red Paper. https://redpaper.yellowheadinstitute.org/</citation>
<citation>Yiftachel, Oren. 2008. “(Un) Settling Colonial Presents.” Political Geography 27 (3): 364-370.</citation>
<citation>Yiftachel, Oren. 1997. “Nation-building or Ethnic Fragmentation? Frontier Settlement and Collective Identities in Israel.” Space and Polity 1 (2): 149-169.</citation>
<citation>Zawadski, Krista Ulujuk. 2024. ᐱᖁᑏᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖓᑦ ᖃᑎᒃᑕᓕᖕᒥᑦ Piqutiit Inuusingat Qatiktalingmit: Cultural and Social Lives of Inuit Piqutingit. PhD Diss., Carleton University.</citation>
</citations>
</publication>
</article>
<article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" date_submitted="2025-03-11" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="2343" stage="production">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">2565</id>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="14742" created_at="2025-03-11" date_created="" file_id="11164" stage="submission" updated_at="2025-03-11" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="87edgar_cordova87" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">ACM PAPER_EXTERNALIZATION.docx</name>
<file id="11164" filesize="49623" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2565/67cff82b405be.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="15986" created_at="2026-03-09" date_created="" file_id="12152" stage="copyedit" updated_at="2026-03-09" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="annacanaglia" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">AcmeArticle_EdCM-FinalV.docx</name>
<file id="12152" filesize="73314" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2565/69af060881161.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="15987" created_at="2026-03-09" date_created="" file_id="12152" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2026-03-09" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="15986" uploader="annacanaglia" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">AcmeArticle_EdCM-FinalV.docx</name>
<file id="12152" filesize="73314" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2565/69af060881161.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="16219" created_at="2026-04-22" date_created="" file_id="12352" stage="proof" updated_at="2026-04-22" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="corin_parsons" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">2565.pdf</name>
<file id="12352" filesize="342752" extension="pdf">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2565/69e81d1cd32c7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="3741" url_path="" seq="0" date_published="2026-04-22" section_ref="SI: Mediterranean border externalization" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">2343</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.14288/acme.q2eups-2565</id>
<title locale="en_US">Externalizing Anti-Blackness</title>
<subtitle locale="en_US">Racialized Immobilization and Migrant Counter-Archives in Tunisia’s Borderlands of Abandonment</subtitle>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p style="font-weight: 400;">This article examines the EU’s border externalization in Tunisia as a racialized project of governance rooted in longer genealogies of anti-Blackness and exclusion. Drawing on feminist, embodied ethnography, it traces how fast and slow violence—expulsions, bureaucratic immobilization, and everyday racism—govern and devalue Black migrant life. Yet through practices of care, documentation, and solidarity, migrants produce counter-archives that make this violence legible and contest its legitimacy. The article reveals externalization as a mechanism of racial domination and a terrain of political presence.</p></abstract>
<rights locale="en_US">All rights reserved by the author"</rights>
<licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</licenseUrl>
<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Edgar Córdova Morales</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2026</copyrightYear>
<keywords locale="en_US">
<keyword>border externalization</keyword>
<keyword>anti-Black racism</keyword>
<keyword>migrant counter-archives</keyword>
<keyword>slow and fast violence</keyword>
<keyword>Tunisia</keyword>
</keywords>
<agencies locale="en_US">
<agency>This research was supported by MADAR NETWORK.</agency>
</agencies>
<languages locale="en_US">
<language>English</language>
</languages>
<authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="3741">
<givenname locale="en_US">Edgar</givenname>
<familyname locale="en_US">Córdova Morales</familyname>
<affiliation locale="en_US">Université Paris-Saclay</affiliation>
<country>FR</country>
<email>luzdesur@gmail.com</email>
</author>
</authors>
<article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1854</id>
<name locale="en_US">PDF</name>
<seq>0</seq>
<submission_file_ref id="16219"/>
</article_galley>
<citations>
<citation>Abdelhamid, Maha. 2018. “De la libération de la parole raciste à l’émergence d’un mouvement contre le racisme anti-noir.” In Tunisie. Une démocratisation au-dessus de tout soupçon?, edited by Amin Allal and Vincent Geisser, 343–356. Paris: CNRS Éditions.</citation>
<citation>Al Jazeera. 2023. “Tunisian Minister Denies Expulsion of Black Refugees.” August 4, 2023. Accessed September 18, 2025. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/4/tunisian-minister-denies-expulsion-of-black-refugees</citation>
<citation>Arendt, Hannah. 1967. “Truth and Politics.” The New Yorker, February 25, 1967.</citation>
<citation>Bayart, Jean-François. 2000. “Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion.” African Affairs 99 (395): 217–267.</citation>
<citation>Boubakri, Hassen, and Sylvie Mazzella. 2005. “La Tunisie entre transit et immigration: politiques migratoires et conditions d’accueil des migrants africains à Tunis.” Autrepart 36 (4): 149–165.</citation>
<citation>Casas-Cortés, Maribel, Sebastián Cobarrubias, and John Pickles. 2015. “Riding Routes and Itinerant Borders: Autonomy of Migration and Border Externalization.” Antipode 47 (4): 894–914.</citation>
<citation>Cassarini, Camille. 2022. “Dynamiques socio-politiques et territorialités de l’immigration ivoirienne en Tunisie.” L’Année du Maghreb (27): 201–21.</citation>
<citation>Cassarini, Camille. 2020. “L’immigration subsaharienne en Tunisie : de la reconnaissance d’un fait social à la création d’un enjeu gestionnaire.” Migrations Société 179 (1): 43–57.</citation>
<citation>Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. 2014. “Channelled Policy Transfers: EU–Tunisia Interactions on Migration Matters.” European Journal of Migration and Law 16 (1): 97–123.</citation>
<citation>Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. 2018. “Le gouvernement des migrations en Tunisie: Vers un nouveau paradigme?” In Tunisie: Une démocratisation au-dessus de tout soupçon?, edited by Amin Allal and Vincent Geisser, 295–309. Paris: CNRS Éditions.</citation>
<citation>Chomsky, Noam, and Michel Foucault. 2006. The Chomsky–Foucault Debate: On Human Nature. New York: The New Press.</citation>
<citation>Dali, Inès Mrad. 2005. “De l’esclavage à la servitude: le cas des noirs de Tunisie.” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 45 (179–180): 935–956.</citation>
<citation>Davis, Muriam Haleh. 2023. “Race and Decolonization in North Africa.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford University Press.</citation>
<citation>De Genova, Nicholas, ed. 2017. The Borders of “Europe”: Autonomy of Migration, Tactics of Bordering. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</citation>
<citation>Dini, Sabine, and Caterina Giusa. 2020. “Externalising EU Migration Policies in Times of Democracy.” In Externalising Migration Governance Through Civil Society: Tunisia as a Case Study, edited by Sabine Dini and Caterina Giusa, 11–21. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.</citation>
<citation>Fassin, Didier. 2012. Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press.</citation>
<citation>France 24. 2023. “Le président tunisien prône des ‘mesures urgentes’ contre l’immigration subsaharienne.” February 21, 2023. Accessed January 27, 2026. https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230221-le-pr%C3%A9sident-tunisien-pr%C3%B4ne-des-mesures-urgentes-contre-l-immigration-subsaharienne</citation>
<citation>Federici, Silvia. 2018. Re-enchanting the World: Feminism and the Politics of the Commons. Oakland, CA: PM Press.</citation>
<citation>Gross-Wyrtzen, Leslie. 2020. “Contained and Abandoned in the ‘Humane’ Border: Black Migrants’ Immobility and Survival in Moroccan Urban Space.” Environment and Planning D: Society & Space 38 (6): 1043–1061.</citation>
<citation>Human Rights Watch. 2023. “Tunisie: Pas un lieu sûr pour les migrants et réfugiés africains noirs.” Human Rights Watch. July 19, 2023. Accessed August 24, 2025. https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/07/19/tunisie-pas-un-lieu-sur-pour-les-migrants-et-refugies-africains-noirs.</citation>
<citation>Hyndman, Jennifer. 2004. “Mind the Gap: Bridging Feminist and Political Geography through Geopolitics.” Political Geography 23 (3): 307–322.</citation>
<citation>Honig, Bonnie. 1992. “Toward an Agonistic Feminism: Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Identity.” In Feminists Theorize the Political, edited by Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, 215–235. London and New York: Routledge.</citation>
<citation>hooks, bell. 1989. “Choosing the Margin as a Space of Radical Openness.” In Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics, 145–153. Boston, MA: South End Press.</citation>
<citation>Khosravi, Shahram. 2018. “Stolen Time: Migration, Temporality, and State Violence.” NOKO – Journal of Nordic Migration Research 8 (Special Issue): 1–8.</citation>
<citation>Mezzadra, Sandro, and Brett Neilson. 2013. Border as Method, or, the Multiplication of Labor. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</citation>
<citation>Montana, Ismael Musah. 2015. “The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade in the Context of Tunisian Foreign Trade in the Western Mediterranean.” The Journal of North African Studies 20 (1): 27–41.</citation>
<citation>Mottet, Aurore. 2016. “Répartition et circulation: les enjeux de la catégorisation dans le camp de Choucha (Tunisie).” Critique internationale 72 (3): 21–34.</citation>
<citation>Mountz, Alison. 2011. “Where Asylum-Seekers Wait: Feminist Counter-Topographies of Sites between States.” Gender, Place & Culture 18 (3): 381–399.</citation>
<citation>Nawaat. 2025. “Unusual Suspects: Case Studies in Tunisia’s Crackdown on Civil Society.” August 8. Accessed September 28, 2025. https://nawaat.org/2025/08/08/unusual-suspects-case-studies-in-tunisias-crackdown-on-civil-society/.</citation>
<citation>Nixon, Rob. 2011. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</citation>
<citation>Ong, Aihwa. 1996. “Cultural Citizenship as Subject-Making: Immigrants Negotiate Racial and Cultural Boundaries in the United States.” Current Anthropology 37 (5): 737–762.</citation>
<citation>Owens, Patricia. 2017. “Racism in the Theory Canon: Hannah Arendt and ‘the One Great Crime in Which America Was Never Involved’.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 45 (3): 403–424.</citation>
<citation>Palladino, Mariangela, Laura Jeffery, Sebastien Bachelet, and Mairi O’Gorman. 2025. “Migration in the Maghreb: Introduction.” The Journal of North African Studies.</citation>
<citation>Queirolo Palmas, Luca, and Camille Cassarini. 2025. “Inside the Pushback Apparatus in Tunisia: Countering Mobility, Extracting Its Value and Manufacturing Infrastructures of Solidarity.” Critical Criminology 33 (2): 33–52.</citation>
<citation>Robinson, Cedric J. 2021. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. 3rd ed. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Originally published 1983.</citation>
<citation>Scaglioni, Marta. 2020. “She Is Not an ‘Abid’: Meanings of Race and Blackness in a Community of Slave Descendants in Southern Tunisia.” In Racial Legacies: Historical and Contemporary Dynamics in West Africa, North Africa and the Middle East, edited by Laura Menin, 43–60. Antropologia 7 (1).</citation>
<citation>Schwartz, Joan M., and Terry Cook. 2002. “Archives, Records, and Power: The Making of Modern Memory.” Archival Science 2 (1–2): 1–19.</citation>
<citation>Tazzioli, Martina. 2020. The Making of Migration: The Biopolitics of Mobility at Europe’s Borders. London: SAGE.</citation>
<citation>Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press.</citation>
<citation>Weheliye, Alexander G. 2014. Habeas Viscus: Racializing Assemblages, Biopolitics, and Black Feminist Theories of the Human. Durham, NC : Duke University Press.</citation>
<citation>Wolfe, Patrick. 2016. Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race. London: Verso.</citation>
<citation>Zagaria, Valentina. 2019. “The Morally Fraught Harga: Migration Blame Games in a Tunisian Border Town.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 37 (2): 57–73.</citation>
</citations>
</publication>
</article>
<article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" date_submitted="2024-06-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="2262" stage="production">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">2487</id>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="14005" created_at="2024-06-25" date_created="" file_id="10548" stage="submission" updated_at="2024-06-25" viewable="false" genre="Other" uploader="pcuttitta" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">Libya.SI.acme.title.page.docx</name>
<file id="10548" filesize="13297" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2487/667b48d7069ef.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="14006" created_at="2024-06-25" date_created="" file_id="10622" stage="submission" updated_at="2024-07-18" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="dseitz" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">Libya.SI.acme.docx</name>
<file id="10622" filesize="79851" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2487/6699730dc4439.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
<file id="10549" filesize="81812" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2487/667b48d706cb9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="14948" created_at="2025-04-28" date_created="" file_id="11303" stage="final" updated_at="2025-04-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="14947" uploader="dseitz" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">Cuttitta final changes accepted.docx</name>
<file id="11303" filesize="98681" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2487/681004468baab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="14949" created_at="2025-04-28" date_created="" file_id="11303" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2025-04-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="14948" uploader="dseitz" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">Cuttitta final changes accepted.docx</name>
<file id="11303" filesize="98681" extension="docx">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2487/681004468baab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="15035" created_at="2025-05-26" date_created="" file_id="11371" stage="proof" updated_at="2025-05-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="corin_parsons" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<name locale="en_US">2487.pdf</name>
<file id="11371" filesize="543697" extension="pdf">
<href src="journals/11/articles/2487/6834cee6d957d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/>
</file>
</submission_file>
<publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="3568" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2025-05-26" section_ref="SI: Mediterranean border externalization" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">2262</id>
<id type="doi" advice="update">10.14288/acme.59m8tl-2487</id>
<title locale="en_US">Autonomous Migrant Mobilisations in Libya and (Counter-)Externalisation</title>
<subtitle locale="en_US">Transnational Spatial Configurations of Solidarity</subtitle>
<abstract locale="en_US"><p>The restrictive, violent evolution of the Libyan migration and border regime has been strongly determined by the externalisation efforts of European policymakers. Yet self-organised initiatives of migrants in Libya, and the more-than-local solidarity spaces they establish, generate counter-externalisation dynamics aimed at transforming such a regime and steering it in the opposite direction. To shed light on these dynamics, the paper provides an overview of self-organised forms of protest and mobilisation of people on the move in Libya in the last two decades. While these migrant initiatives result from endogenous forms of solidarity, they also inspire and trigger different forms of exogenous, pro-migrant solidarity from different categories of actors across places. Thus, solidarity follows multiple directions and creates specific solidarity spaces at different scales. Spatialities and directionalities produced by the interplay between solidarity and more-than-local migrant or pro-migrant mobilisations can be conceptualised as acts of counter-externalisation, reacting to the externalised regime of migration containment that has been established in Libya since the early 2000s. The paper first introduces the Libyan migration regime from the perspective of European border externalisation. Then, it reconstructs the history of migrant mobilisations in Libya from the Gaddafi period to the present day, including more recent developments such as the establishment of the movement “Refugees in Libya” and its international support network “Alliance with Refugees in Libya.” The concluding section analyses the spatial configurations of solidarity emerging from migrant mobilisations in Libya against the background of European border externalisation.</p></abstract>
<rights locale="en_US">I am the author</rights>
<licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</licenseUrl>
<copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Paolo Cuttitta</copyrightHolder>
<copyrightYear>2025</copyrightYear>
<keywords locale="en_US">
<keyword>Libya</keyword>
<keyword>migration</keyword>
<keyword>mobilisations</keyword>
<keyword>solidarity</keyword>
<keyword>externalisation</keyword>
</keywords>
<agencies locale="en_US">
<agency>European Research Council</agency>
</agencies>
<authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="3568">
<givenname locale="en_US">Paolo</givenname>
<familyname locale="en_US">Cuttitta</familyname>
<affiliation locale="en_US">Università di Genova</affiliation>
<country>IT</country>
<email>paolocuttitta@tiscali.it</email>
</author>
</authors>
<article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd">
<id type="internal" advice="ignore">1822</id>
<name locale="en_US">PDF</name>
<seq>0</seq>
<submission_file_ref id="15035"/>
</article_galley>
<citations>
<citation>Abolish Frontex. 2022. “15 October: International Action Day ‘Stop Italy – Libya Memorandum,’” October 10, https://abolishfrontex.org/blog/2022/10/10/15-october-international-action-day-stop-italy-libya-memorandum/.</citation>
<citation>Achtnich, Marthe. 2022. “Waiting to Move On: Migration, Borderwork and Mobility Economies in Libya,” Geopolitics 27 (5): 1376-1389.</citation>
<citation>Agustín, Óscar García, and Martin Bak Jørgensen. 2019. Solidarity and the ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave.</citation>
<citation>Alagna, Federico. 2024. “Civil Society and Municipal Activism Around Migration in the EU: A Multi-Scalar Alliance-Making,” Geopolitics 29 (4): 1245-1271.</citation>
<citation>Alcalde, Javier, and Martín Portos. 2018. “Scale Shift and Transnationalisation Within Refugees’ Solidarity Activism: From Calais to the European Level.” In Solidarity Mobilizations in the ‘Refugee Crisis’, edited by Donatella Della Porta, 243-269. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</citation>
<citation>Al Jazeera. 2021. “Libya Detains 4,000 People in Major Anti-Migrant Crackdown,” October 2, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/2/libyas-migrant-roundup-reaches-4000-amid-major-crackdown.</citation>
<citation>Altai Consulting. 2015. “Libya Civil Society Mapping,” December, http://www.altaiconsulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Libya-Civil-Society-Mapping-Altai-Consulting-SJD-PUBLIC-.pdf.</citation>
<citation>Ashutosh, Ishan. 2013. “Immigrant Protests in Toronto: Diaspora and Sri Lanka’s Civil War,” Citizenship Studies 17 (2): 197-210.</citation>
<citation>Ataç, Ilker, Kim Rygiel, and Maurice Stierl. 2016. “Introduction: The Contentious Politics of Refugee and Migrant Protest and Solidarity Movements: Remaking Citizenship From the Margins,” Citizenship Studies 20 (5): 527–544.</citation>
<citation>Ataç, Ilker, Helge Schwiertz, Martin Bak Jørgensen, Robin Vandevoordt, Sophie Hinger, and Susanne Spindler. 2024. “Negotiating Borders Through a Politics of Scale: Municipalities and Urban Civil Society Initiatives in the Contested Field of Migration,” Geopolitics 29 (2): 714-740.</citation>
<citation>Bayramoğlu, Yeren. 2022. “Border Countervisuality: Smartphone Videos of Border Crossing and Migration,” Media, Culture and Society 45 (3): 595-611.</citation>
<citation>Casas-Cortés, Maribel, and Sebastian Cobarrubias. 2018. “It is Obvious from the Map! Disobeying the Production of Illegality beyond Borderlines,” Movements 4 (1): 29-44.</citation>
<citation>Ciavoni, Carlo. 2010. “Il Calvario dei Detenuti Eritrei Bastonati nelle Carceri Libiche,” la Repubblica, July 5, https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2010/07/05/news/il_calvario_dei_detenuti_eritrei_bastonati_nelle_carceri_libiche-5401348/?ref=HREC2-3.</citation>
<citation>Civil MRCC. 2023. “Alliance with Refugees in Libya,” November 30, https://civilmrcc.eu/alliance-with-refugees-in-libya/.</citation>
<citation>Cobarrubias, Sebastian, Paolo Cuttitta, Maribel Casas-Cortés, Martin Lemberg-Pedersen, Nora El Qadim, Beste İşleyen, Shoshana Fine, Caterina Giusa and Charles Heller. 2023. “Interventions on the Concept of Externalisation in Migration and Border Studies,” Political Geography 105. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102911</citation>
<citation>Creta, Sara. 2023. “Active Agency, Access and Power: Social Media and Eritrean Refugees in Libya.” In Enslaved Trapped and Trafficked in Digital Black Holes: Human Trafficking Trajectories to Libya, edited by Mirjam Van Reisen, Munyaradzi Mawere, Klara Smits, and Morgane Wirtz, 759-785. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG.</citation>
<citation>Creta, Sara. 2021. “I hope, One Day, I Will Have the Right to Speak,” Media, War & Conflict 14 (3): 366–382.</citation>
<citation>Cuttitta, Paolo. 2023. “Bridgeheads of EU Border Externalisation? NGOs/CSOs and migration in Libya,” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 41 (4): 752-770.</citation>
<citation>Cuttitta, Paolo. 2022. “Over Land and Sea: NGOs/CSOs and EU border Externalisation Along the Central Mediterranean Route,” Geopolitics. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2022.2124158.</citation>
<citation>Cuttitta, Paolo, Antoine Pécoud, and Melissa Phillips. 2023. “Civil Society and Migration Governance Across European Borderlands,” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 44 (1): 1-11.</citation>
<citation>Davies, Thom, Arshad Isakjee, and Jelena Obradovic-Wochnik. 2024. “The Politics of Injury: Debilitation and the Right to Maim at the EU Border,” Geopolitics. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2024.2339894.</citation>
<citation>Del Grande, Gabriele. 2010. Il Mare di Mezzo: Al Tempo dei Respingimenti. Castel Gandolfo: Infinito Edizioni.</citation>
<citation>Della Porta, Donatella. 2018. Solidarity Mobilizations in the ‘Refugee Crisis’. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</citation>
<citation>ECCHR, FIDH and LFJL. 2021. “No Way Out: Migrants and Refugees Trapped in Libya Face Crimes Against Humanity,” November, https://www.ecchr.eu/en/publication/no-way-out-migrants-and-refugees-trapped-in-libya-face-crimes-against-humanity/.</citation>
<citation>Feischmidt, Margit, Ludger Pries, and Celine Cantat. 2019. Refugee Protection and Civil Society in Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave.</citation>
<citation>Feixa, Carley, Inês Pereira, and Jeffrey Juris. 2009. “Global Citizenship and the ‘New, New’ Social Movements: Iberian Connections,” Young 17 (4): 421–442.</citation>
<citation>Fischer, Leandros, and Martin Bak Jørgensen. 2021. Scale-Switching as a Response to a Shrinking Space for Solidarity: A Comparison of Denmark’s Venligboerne and Germany’s Seebrücke. In Contentious migrant solidarity: Shrinking Spaces and Civil Society Contestation, edited by Donatella Della Porta and Elias Steinhilper, 156-175. London: Routledge.</citation>
<citation>Forensic Oceanography. 2019. “The Nivin Case: Migrants’ Resistance to Italy’s Strategy of Privatized Pushbacks,” December, https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/2019-12-18-FO-Nivin-Report.pdf.</citation>
<citation>Gazzotti Lorena, Melissa Mouthaan, and Katharina Natter. 2023. “Embracing Complexity in ‘Southern’ Migration Governance,” Territory, Politics, Governance 11 (4): 625-637.</citation>
<citation>Hamood, Sara. 2006. “African transit migration Through Libya to Europe: the Human Cost,” The American University in Cairo, January, http://migreurop.org/IMG/pdf/hamood-libya.pdf.</citation>
<citation>Hayden, Sally. 2022. My Fourth Time, We Drowned. London: 4th Estate.</citation>
<citation>HRC. 2023. “Detailed Findings of the Independent Fact-Finding Mission on Libya,” March 24, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/1317fe4f-c47a-4cbf-8f87-2554a58bbfa6/A_HRC_52_CRP.pdf.</citation>
<citation>HRW. 2010. “Libya: Do Not Deport Eritreans,” July 2, https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/02/libya-do-not-deport-eritreans.</citation>
<citation>HRW. 2009. “Pushed Back, Pushed Around: Italy’s Forced Return of Boat Migrants and Asylum Seekers, Libya’s Mistreatment of Migrants and Asylum Seekers,” September 21, https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/09/21/pushed-back-pushed-around/italys-forced-return-boat-migrants-and-asylum-seekers#_ftn215.</citation>
<citation>Infomigrants. 2025. “Libya: Ten NGOs Suspended Due to ‘Hostile Support of Migrants,’” April 3, https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/63780/libya-ten-ngos-suspended-due-to-hostile-support-of-migrants.</citation>
<citation>Infomigrants. 2023a. “Libya: Sudanese Teenage Refugee Released After 5 Months in Detention,” February 2, https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/46521/libya-sudanese-teenage-refugee-released-after-5-months-in-detention#:~:text=Libya%3A%20Sudanese%20teenage%20refugee%20released%20after%205%20months%20in%20detention,-Published%20on%20%3A%202023&text=Sudanese%20teenager%20Mazen%20Adam%20has,insisting%20the%20kidnapping%20was%20fabricated.</citation>
<citation>Infomigrants. 2023b. “Asylum Seekers Released from Ain Zara Detention Center in Libya After 18-Month Detainment,” July 21, https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/50550/asylum-seekers-released-from-ain-zara-detention-center-in-libya-after-18month-detainment.</citation>
<citation>Jones, Reece. 2016. Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move. London: Verso.</citation>
<citation>Johnson, Leif. 2015. “Material Interventions on the US–Mexico Border: Investigating a Sited Politics of Migrant Solidarity,” Antipode 47 (5): 1243–1260.</citation>
<citation>Mainwaring, Cetta, and Daniela DeBono. 2021. “Criminalizing Solidarity: Search and Rescue in a Neo-Colonial Sea,” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 39 (5): 1030-1048.</citation>
<citation>Mann, Itamar, and Julia Mourão Permoser. 2022. “Floating Sanctuaries: The Ethics of Search and Rescue at Sea,” Migration Studies 10 (3): 442-463.</citation>
<citation>Mezzadra, Sandro. 2001. Diritto di Fuga: Migrazioni, Cittadinanza, Globalizzazione. Verona: Ombre Corte.</citation>
<citation>Minca, Claudio, and Jessica Collins. 2021. “The Game: Or, ‘The Making of Migration’ Along the Balkan Route,” Political Geography 91.</citation>
<citation>MSF. 2023. “‘You’re Going to Die Here’: Abuse in Abu Salim and Ain Zara Detention Centres,” December 6, https://www.msf.org/msf-report-abuse-abu-salim-and-ain-zara-detention-centres-libya.</citation>
<citation>Osso, Berfin Nur, and Henk van Houtum. 2024. “‘Now You See Me’: Refugees Looking Back at the EU’s Border Camp Watch in Lesvos,” Geopolitics 30 (2): 730-759.</citation>
<citation>Pacciardi, Agnese, and Joakim Berndtsson. 2022. “EU Border Externalisation and Security Outsourcing: Exploring the Migration Industry in Libya,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (17): 4010-4028.</citation>
<citation>Paoletti, Emanuela. 2010. The Migration of Power and North-South Inequalities: The Case of Italy and Libya. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</citation>
<citation>Phillips, Melissa. 2020. “Managing a Multiplicity of Interests: The Case of Irregular Migration from Libya,” Migration and Society: Advances in Research 3 (1): 89–97.</citation>
<citation>Pliez, Olivier. 2004. “De l’Immigration au Transit?: La Libye dans l’Espace Migratoire Euro-Africain.” In La Nouvelle Libye: Sociétés, Espaces et Géopolitique au Lendemain de l’Embargo, edited by Olivier Pliez, 139-155. Paris: Karthala.</citation>
<citation>Queirolo Palmas, Luca, and Federico Rahola. 2022. Underground Europe: Along Migrant Routes. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</citation>
<citation>Raineri, Luca, and Francesco Strazzari. 2019. “(B)ordering Hybrid Security?: EU Stabilisation Practices in the Sahara-Sahel Region,” Ethnopolitics 18 (5): 544–559.</citation>
<citation>Reporters Without Borders. n.d. “Libya,” https://rsf.org/en/country/libya.</citation>
<citation>RIL. 2022. “I Will Return Them to Your Headquarter in Three Days Time says Afandi Hakim of Ain Zara prison,” March 7, https://www.refugeesinlibya.org/post/i-will-return-them-to-your-headquarter-in-three-days-time-says-afandi-hakim-of-ain-zara-prison.</citation>
<citation>RIL. 2021. “Mobilization,” https://www.refugeesinlibya.org/mobilization.</citation>
<citation>Romanet Perroux, Jean-Louis. 2019. “The Deep Roots of Libya’s Security Fragmentation,” Middle Eastern Studies 55 (2): 200-224.</citation>
<citation>Santer, Kiri. 2019. “Governing the Central Mediterranean Through Indirect Rule: Tracing the Effects of the Recognition of Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Tripoli,” European Journal of Migration and Law 21 (2): 141-165.</citation>
<citation>Savio Vammen, Ida Marie, Signe Cold-Ravnkilde, and Hans Lucht. 2022. “Borderwork in the Expanded EU-African Borderlands,” Geopolitics 27 (5): 1317-1330.</citation>
<citation>Scheel, Stephan. 2013. “Studying Embodied Encounters: Autonomy of Migration Beyond its Romanticization,” Postcolonial Studies 16 (3): 279-288.</citation>
<citation>Sigona, Nando. 2014. “Campzenship: Reimagining the Camp as a Social and Political Space,” Citizenship Studies 19 (1): 1–15.</citation>
<citation>Stierl, Maurice. 2020. “Of Migrant Slaves and Underground Railroads: Movement, Containment, Freedom,” American Behavioral Scientist 64 (4): 456-479.</citation>
<citation>Stierl, Maurice. 2019. Migrant Resistance in Contemporary Europe. Abingdon: Routledge.</citation>
<citation>Swerts, Thomas, and Walter Nicholls. 2021. “Undocumented Immigrant Activism and the Political: Disrupting the Order or Reproducing the Status Quo?,” Antipode 53 (2): 319-330.</citation>
<citation>Tazzioli, Martina. 2015. “Which Europe? Migrants’ Uneven Geographies and Counter-Mapping at the Limits of Representation,” Movements 1 (2), 1-19.</citation>
<citation>Traynor, Ian. 2010. “EU Keen to Strike Deal with Muammar Gaddafi on Immigration,” September 1, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/eu-muammar-gaddafi-immigration.</citation>
<citation>Tubiana, Jérôme. 2019. “The EU’s Shame is Locked Away in Libya,” November 13, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/libya-refugees-detention/.</citation>
<citation>Turner, Simon, and Zachary Whyte. 2022. “Introduction: Refugee Camps as Carceral Junctions,” Incarceration 3 (1): 1-9.</citation>
<citation>Tyler, Imogen, and Katarzyna Marciniak. 2013. “Immigrant Protest: an Introduction,” Citizenship Studies 17 (2): 143-156.</citation>
<citation>UNSMIL and OHCHR. 2020. “The Airstrikes on the Daman Building Complex, Including the Tajoura Detention Centre, 2 July 2019,” January 27, https://unsmil.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unsmil-ohchr_report_airstrikes_at_tajoura-27012020.pdf.</citation>
<citation>Zingoni, Luca C., and Valeria Carlini. 2010. “Il Dramma di 245 Rifugiati Eritrei in Libia,” Cir Notizie 9 (7-8), August-September.</citation>
</citations>
</publication>
</article>
</articles>
</issue>